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What does the antibody class describe?
describes the Fc region of the antibody molecule
What does the antibody class determine?
the functions of the antibody molecule
Antibody Class switching
when plasma cells generated from B-cells switch from making one class of antibody to another class of antibody
Memory cell
long-lived B or T cell that can recognize a previously encountered antigen, allowing it to mount a faster & stronger immune response
Clonal expansion
the rapid multiplication of B or T cell clones after activation by an antigen
Why would we want to detect a humoral immune response to a particular antigen in an animal?
- test exposure to that particular pathogen
- determine if the animal was able to respond to a vaccine
- help diagnose
How can we assess a humoral immune response in an animal?
serum testing
All nucleated cells can express
MHC-I
Pro/semi-pro APCs express
MHC-II
What do B cells need in order to make specific antibodies & memory B-cells?
cytokine help from T-helper cells
T-helper cells only recognize
peptides
What would happen if B cells respond to non-protein antigens?
do not receive cytokine help from T-helper cells, no memory cells produced, only IgM is made
Nieve cells must first be _____ before they can respond to APCs
activated by dendritic cells
Plasma cells
- are terminally differentiated
- are long lived
- do not express BCR
In any adaptive humoral immune response to a microbe, multiple different B cells will be activated and clonally expand. Why?
microbe has multiple antigens/epitopes
The class of antibody the plasma cell makes depends on
the type of cytokine help it gets from the Th-1 & Th-2 cells
Cytokines from T-h 1 cells promote the production of
opsonizing antibodies
Cytokines from T-h 2 cells promote the production of
neutralizing antibodies
What part of the antibody changes during class switching?
Fc part, as it determines the class of antibody and what it can do
What is usually the first class of antibody made after activation of B cells?
IgM
The primary adaptive immune response takes
~7-10 days
A memory adaptive immune response takes
~1-2 days
Over time, there is a progressive increase in the
affinity of the antibody
What is the sequence of B-cell responses to protein antigens?
- activated B-cell clonally expands
- activated B-cells become plasma cells & make and secrete antibodies
- antibody class switching can occur
- antibody affinity maturation can occur
- antigen-specific memory B-cells are generated
Polyclonal antibody
antibody derived from more than one antibody-producing B cells
Monoclonal antibody
antibody produced in a laboratory to attack specific antigens
Which antibody type will live forever and continue to make antibodies?
monoclonal antibody
In serum protein electrophoresis, most antibody proteins are in which fraction?
gamma globulin fraction
What region of the antibody binds the antigen?
Fab region
Which region of the antibody is responsible for biological activity?
Fc region
Most IgG is located
in the blood
What antibody has the highest concentration in the colostrum?
IgG
What is the best antibody for mucosal protection?
IgA
What is the first antibody class generated in a primary exposure to antigen?
IgM
What is the main class of antibody produced in a memory response?
IgG
Mast cells have receptors for which class of antibody?
IgE
C1 complement protein can bind Fc region on which classes of antibody?
IgG & IgM
What is the best antibody for aggregation of antigens?
IgM
What antibodies are good at neutralizing?
IgG & IgM
What is the main antibody class in response to parasitic worms?
IgE
What does goat anti-dog IgG antibody mean?
- IgG antibody from a dog was injected into a goat, goat's plasma cells made antibodies against the dog IgG
- dog IgG is now an antigen to the goat's immune system
The goat anti-dog IgG recognizes
the Fc region of the dog IgG molecule
Why are antibodies against another antibodies made?
to use as a reagent in immunodiagnostic tests
A biotech company is marketing a new test and the primary reagent in the test is rabbit anti-cat IgM polyclonal antibody. What best describes the function of this reagent?
the reagent antibody binds the Fc region of cat IgM
What is the advantage of the adaptive immune system having two pathways of antigen presentation to T-lymphocytes that is directed by the two major histocompatibility molecules, MHC-1 & MHC-II?
ensure that the dominant adaptive immune response to extracellular microbes is antibody and the dominant response to intracellular pathogens is cell-mediated immunity
