theories and therapies EXAMPLES

Which stage is met when a 4-month-old infant consistently trusts the caregiver?

Trust vs mistrust

A toddler says "Me do it!" during toileting—what Erikson stage is this?

Autonomy vs shame and doubt

A 4-year-old loves make-believe play—what Erikson stage is this?

Initiative vs guilt

An 8-year-old is proud of earning badges at school—what Erikson stage is this?

Industry vs inferiority

A 15-year-old is experimenting with different roles—what Erikson stage is this?

Identity vs role confusion

A 25-year-old is forming close, committed relationships—what Erikson stage is this?

Intimacy vs isolation

A 45-year-old mentors youth and contributes to the community—what Erikson stage is this?

Generativity vs stagnation

An 80-year-old reviews life with a sense of peace—what Erikson stage is this?

Integrity vs despair

"I won't steal because I'll get punished."—what Kohlberg level is this?

Preconventional (Obedience/Punishment orientation)

"I follow rules so others see me as good."—what Kohlberg level is this?

Conventional (Good boy/Good girl orientation)

"Laws keep order, so I must obey them."—what Kohlberg stage is this?

Conventional (Law-and-Order orientation)

"Rules can change for the greater good."—what Kohlberg level is this?

Postconventional (Social Contract orientation)

"What's in it for me?"—what Kohlberg orientation is this?

Preconventional (Instrumental-Relativist orientation)

"Justice matters even if a law is unjust."—what Kohlberg stage is this?

Postconventional (Universal Ethical Principles)

An infant seeks pleasure via sucking—what Freud psychosexual stage is this?

Oral stage

Toilet training becomes a conflict—what Freud psychosexual stage is this?

Anal stage

Child has Oedipal/Electra feelings—what Freud psychosexual stage is this?

Phallic stage

Child focuses on peers/skills with sexual calm—what Freud psychosexual stage is this?

Latency stage

Adolescent develops mature sexuality and intimacy—what Freud psychosexual stage is this?

Genital stage

A person forgets a traumatic event without awareness—what defense mechanism is this?

Repression

A student blames the teacher after not studying—what defense mechanism is this?

Rationalization

Anger at a boss is taken out on a spouse—what defense mechanism is this?

Displacement

Anger is transformed into success in boxing—what defense mechanism is this?

Sublimation

A person attributes their own hostile thoughts to others—what defense mechanism is this?

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