ICT and Digital Citizenship Lecture Review

A comprehensive set of 70 vocabulary flashcards covering ICT history, emerging technologies, digital citizenship, collaboration principles, and graphic design basics.

ICT

Encompasses both hardware and software that facilitate human interaction and connectivity.

Pre–Mechanical Period

A period in ICT evolution spanning from $3000$ BCE to $1450$ CE.

Mechanical Period

A period in ICT evolution spanning from $1450$ to $1840$ CE.

Charles Babbage

The individual recognized as the Father of Computer.

Blaise Pascal

The creator of the pascaline, which is considered the first mechanical calculator.

Johannes Guttenberg

The inventor of the printing press.

Electromechanical Period

A period in ICT evolution spanning from $1840$ to $1940$ CE.

Electronic Period

A period in ICT evolution spanning from $1840$ to the present.

Artificial Intelligence

A computer science related field focused on making computers work and act like humans.

SimSimi

An AI program created in $2002$ by Ismaker whose name means bored.

Robotics

A computer science and engineering related field concerned with creating devices that can move and react.

Sophia

A robot created by Hanson Robotics in HongKong that was granted Saudi Arabian Citizenship.

Biometrics

Technology used to measure and analyze the human body, such as DNA, fingerprints, and eye retinas.

Papyrus Paper

Writing material invented by Egyptians from a papyrus plant.

Abacus

A tool that first existed in Babylon around $2700-3000$ BCE used for numerical computation.

Analytical Engine

A $19$th century general purpose computer and the first programmable device created by Charles Babbage.

Harvard Mark I Computer

An invention from the Electronic Period designed to process data faster.

Transistors

A technology introduced in the Electronic Period that significantly improved speed, efficiency, and automation.

Integrated Circuits

A component introduced in the Electronic Period to enhance computer efficiency.

Microprocessor

A key electronic component that significantly improved the automation and speed of modern computers.

3D Imaging and Holography

A form of photography, with the first instance famously appearing as Princess Leia in Star Wars.

Virtual Reality (VR)

A term used to describe a three-dimensional, computer-generated environment that a person can explore and interact with.

Augmented Reality (AR)

A technology where virtual objects are placed in real life, such as in Pokemon.

Mobile Technologies

Any device with internet capability that is accessible from anywhere the user is located.

IBM Simon

A smartphone released in $1994$ that featured the first touch screen.

Digital Footprints

A file of unique, traceable online activities, contributions, communications, and actions specific to an individual.

Active Digital Footprints

Websites and platforms where information is intentionally provided, such as when creating a social media account.

Passive Digital Footprint

Data gathered without a user's awareness, often used by businesses to monitor web traffic automatically.

Cookies

Small text files stored by websites on a device to remember preferences, login details, or site activity.

Virtual Private Networking (VPN)

A tool used for safety to protect user identity and data while browsing the internet.

Online Safety, Security, Ethics and Etiquette

Using technology in a responsible and respectful way while protecting personal information from threats like hacking.

Netiquette

Shorthand for network etiquette, it is the set of rules determining how to properly communicate and browse the web.

Virginia Shea

The network manners guru and the creator of the $10$ Rules of Netiquette.

Collaboration

Derived from the Latin word collaboratus, meaning to labor together to achieve a goal.

Participation

A principle of collaboration that encourages members from across an organization to belong as one.

Collective

A principle of collaboration where each person helps the group reach a consensus before taking action.

Transparency

A principle of collaboration where feedback, trust, and honesty are essential elements.

Independence

A principle of collaboration that ensures group-think does not emerge and people think for themselves.

Persistence

A principle of collaboration involving the persistent application of principles to ensure content is accessible.

Emergence

A principle focusing on the end goal and combining ideas to create a bigger idea rather than worrying about the process.

Word Processor

Electronic software or device for composing, editing, formatting, and printing documents.

Mail Merging

A feature used to create a document and merge it with another document or data file.

Spreadsheet

A computer application for computation, analysis, and storage of data to replace analog accounting sheets.

Presentation Software

Application software used to create visual aids to communicate ideas, originally created by Robert Gaskins and Dennis Austin.

Forethought Inc

The software company where PowerPoint was originally developed exclusively for Macintosh computers.

Advocacy

The process of supporting and enabling people to express views, access services, and defend their rights.

Personality Responsible Digital Citizen

A person who obeys digital laws, shows respect, and uses technology properly.

Participatory Digital Citizen

A person who uses digital technologies to contribute ideas and discussion to online communities.

Justice Oriented Digital Citizen

A person who critically analyzes social issues and uses technology to promote systemic change.

Internet of Things (IoT)

Networks connecting everyday items and sensors for smartphones as seen in modern ICT developments.

Learning Management Systems

ICT-based systems used in the education sector for delivering and managing courses.

Super Paint

The grandfather of all graphic softwares, conceptualized in $1972$ by Richard Shoup at Xerox PARC.

Richard Shoup

The individual at Xerox PARC who created Super Paint in $1972$.

Balance

The placement of elements of equal weight on a page, categorized as symmetrical, asymmetrical, or radial.

Proximity

A design principle describing the organization and relationship of elements by moving them physically close together.

Alignment

The lining of text or graphics on a page to add aesthetic interest and emphasize key elements.

Repetition

The consistent and balanced reusing of a design element to achieve uniformity.

Contrast

The combination of opposing characteristics, such as color, size, or thickness, to highlight elements.

Whitespace

Known as the art of nothing, it is the negative space that allows a design to breathe.

Unity

The sense of oneness of elements that creates balance and harmony in a design.

Color Psychology

The study of how colors evoke specific feelings, such as Red for passion or Blue for trust.

JPEG

Joint Photographic Experts Group, the most popular lossy image format used on the web.

GIF

Graphics Interchange Format, limited to an $8$ bit palette with $256$ colors and often used for animation.

BMP

Bitmap Image File, also called a raster image, made up of millions of dots called pixels.

TIFF

Tagged Image File Format, created by Aldus corporation, considered the superior raster image format.

PNG

Portable Network Graphic, a nonproprietary alternative to GIF designed specifically for the web.

Cropping

The process of removing unwanted parts of an image following the rule of thirds.

Graphic Design

The art of combining images, shapes, and colors to inform, illustrate, or entertain.

Infographics

Creative representations of data using shapes, colors, and pictures to make information more understandable.

Serif

A font family characterized by smaller lines attached to letters, such as Times New Roman.