Biodiversity Lab Practical 1

Bacillus

rods

Coccus

spheres

Spirilla

spirals

Gram-positive bacteria

Cell walls rich in peptidoglycan
No outer lipopolysaccharide layer
After staining: appear blue or purple
example slides are:
Bacillus substilis, Micrococus luteus,
Streptococus lactis, Staphylococus

Gram-negative bacteria

More complex cell walls
Less pepidoglycan
Have an outer lipopolysaccharide layer
After staining: appear red
example slides:
esherichia coli, Spirillum volutans, Proteus vulgaris

Cyanobacteria

Small, single-celled aquatic prokaryotes that photosynthesize
Kingdom monera

pseudopodia

Flagella

cilia

Phylum Foraminifera

Calcium carbonate (shells)
locomotion is pseudopodia
Ex: Foarms

Phylum Actinopoda

Silicon dioxide
locomotion is pseudopodia
Ex: radiolarians

Phylum Rhizopoda

Naked amoebas
Free living
locomotion is pseudopodia

Phylum Sarcomastigophora

Flagellated, unicellular, symbiotic organisms
EX: Trypanosoma levisi which refers to African sleeping sickness

Phylum Oomycota

No chloroplasts
Move with two flagella
Water molds
White rusts and downy mildews

Phylum ciliophora

composed of two nuclei:
macronucleus
micronucleus
Feature: trichocyst
Ex: Paramecium caudatum

Phylum Apicomplexa

All are parasitic
No true means of locomotion
Ex: Malaria

Phylum Myxomycota

Plasmodial slime molds
Ex: Physarum

Phylum Acrasiomycota

Cellular slime molds

Phylum Euglenophyta

Mixotrophic
Has an eyespot

Phylum Dinoflagellata

Free living, symbiotic or parasitic
Red tides
Also known as Phylum Pyrrophyta

Phylum Bacillariophyta

Silica shells consisting of two halves with pores
Ex. Diatoms

Phylum Phaeophyta

Brown algae
Ex. Sargassum

Phylum Rhodophyta

Red algae
Phycocyanin and phycoerythrin

Phylum Chlorophyta

Green algae
Thought to share a common ancestor with land plants
Volvox (circles) and Ulva (thin film)

Phylum Zygomycota

saprobes (eats dead nutrients)
Zygote Fungi
Ex. Rhizopus bread mold

Phylum Ascomycota

Sac fungi-cup or ascocarp

Peziza

grow on decaying plants, animals, and dung
Ascomycota

Morels

Edible, considered a delicacy in some parts of the world
Ascomycota

Penicillium

Use as an antibiotic
(conidiophore stem w round conidia branching off)
Ascomycota

claviceps purpurea

rye ergot (asci w ascospores)
Ascomycota

Phylum Basidiomycota

club fungi-basidium is club shaped
include mushrooms, puffballs, toadstools

Coprinus pileus

basidiomycota

Phylum Deuteromycota

Imperfect fungi
'ringworm'

candida albicans

deuteromycota

Lichens

mutualistic relationship of fungi with algae or cyanobacteria

Foliose

Leafy thallus

Crustose

crust-like thallus

Fruiticose

shrub-like thallus

charophyte

closest to green algae

Phylum Bryophyta (Mosses)

living moss specimens are Mnium, Polytrichum, and Sphagnum

Phylum Hepatophyta

-liverworts
Living specimens are Marchantia, Porella, Conocephalum, Riccia)
Rhizoids, thallus, perianth, seta, capsule

Phylum Anthocerophyta

-Hornworts
Example is Anthoceros

Phylum Lycophyta

-club mosses
-living specimens Selaginella and Lycopodium

Phylum Sphenophyta

-Horsetails
Ex. Equisetum

Phylum Pteridiophyta

ferns

Phylum Psilophyta

whisk fern

Division Coniferophyta

conifers and shrubs

Division Ginkgophyta

Ginkgo biloba

Division Cycadophyta

cycads

Division Gnetophyta

Gnetum, Ephedra

Angiosperms

produces flowers
attract pollinators
double fertilization

monocots

dicots