Anatomy Skeletal Lab

Bone Class: Long

* a bone that has a shaft and 2 ends
* longer than it is wide

Bone class: short

* carpal bones of the hands that allow movement of the wrist
* tarsal bones of the feet that allow movement of the ankle

Bone Class: Flat

made up of a layer of spongy bone between two thin layer of compact bone

Bone Class: Irregular

* often have a fairly complex shape, which helps protect internal organs
* For example, the vertebrae, irregular bones of the vertebral column, protect the spinal cord

Bone marking: Tuberosity

large round projection; may be roughened

Bone marking: Trochanter

very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process (on the femur)

Bone marking: Tubercle

small rounded projection or process

Bone marking: epicondyle

raised area or above a condyle

Bone marking: Spine

sharp, slender, often pointed projection

Bone marking: Process

any bony prominence

Bone marking: Head

* bony expansion carried on a narrow neck
* projection that helps form joints

Bone marking: Facet

smooth, nearly flat articular surface

Bone marking: Condyle

rounded articular projection

Bone marking: Fissure

marrow, slit-like opening

Bone marking: Foramen

Round or oval opening through a bone

Bone marking: Meatus

canal-like passageway

Bone Marking: Sinus

Bone cavity, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane

Bone Marking: Fossa

* Shallow basin-like depression in a bone
* often serving as an articular surface

Bone marking: Fontanelle

soft spots on an infant’s head where the tiny plates that make up the skull have not yet come together

Long Bone: Proximal epiphysis

the top end of the long bone

* composed of mostly spongy bone enclosed by a thin layer of compact bone

Long Bone: Diaphysis

shaft of a long bone

Long bone: Articular cartilage

is a thin layer of cartilage that covers the joint surfaces of the epiphyses

Long Bone: Periosteum

outside covering of the diaphysis, fibrous connective tissue membrane

Long bone: Endosteum

thin membrane lining the medullary cavity

Long bone: Spongy Bone

* Bone rods with many spaces in between
* gives strength and rigidity and is lighter than compact bone
* spaces are filled with red and yellow bone marrow

Long Bone: Trabeculae

bony bars and plates made of mineral salts and protein (tissues)

Compact Bone: Central canal

carries vessels and nerves in center of osteon

Compact Bone: Lamella

* each ring is a lamella, which is a layer of bone matrix in which the collagen fibers and mineral crystals align and run in a single direction
* each fiber and crystal of adjacent lamellae always run in opposite directions for withstanding

Compact bone: osteocyte

Bone Cell

Compact bone: Lacuna

space containing the osteocyte

Compact Bone: Canaliculus

very small tube or channel, such as is found between lacunae in compact bone

Marrow Cavity: Red Bone Morrow

contains blood stem cells that can become red blood cells, whit blood cells, or platelets

Marrow Cavity: Yellow Bone Marrow

made mostly of fat and contains stem cells that can become cartilage, fat, or bone cells

Cranium

Skull

Cranial: Frontal

* anterior portion of cranium
* forms the forehead, superior part of the orbit, and floor of anterior cranial fossa

Cranium: Glabella

smooth area between the eyes

Cranium: Parietal

form the superior and lateral aspects of the skull

Cranium: Temporal

lower sides of skull

Cranium: Zygomatic process

a projection of the temporal bone that forms part of the zygoma

Cranium: External acoustic meatus

ear canal

Cranium: Styloid process

pole-like process extending downward from the temporal bone on each side of the skull

Cranium: Mastoid process

round projection on the temporal bone behind the ear

Cranium: Mandibular fossa

the depression in the temporal bone into which the condyle of the mandible fits

Cranium: Carotid canal

passageway for internal carotid artery

Occipital

back of head

Occipital: Occipital condyle

ridges on left and right of foramen magnum

occipital: external occipital protuberance

bump on back of head

Occipital: Foramen magnum

a large opening at the base of the skull through which the brain connects to the spinal cord

Sphenoid

wedge-shaped bone at the base of the skull

Sphenoid: Sella turcica

central bone of the skull that forms part of anterior of cranium (fossa for the pituitary gland)

Sphenoid: foramen ovale

fossa ovalis

Ethmoid

bone that forms the back of the nose and encloses numerous air cells

Ethmoid: Crista Galli

ethmoid bone

Ethmoid: Cribriform plate

the horizontal plate of the ethmoid bone separating the cranial cavity from the nasal

Ethmoid: Perpendicular plate

forms superior part of nasal septum

Ethmoid: Superior nasal concha

* not a maned bone, but part of the ethmoid bone
* above middle nasal concha

Ethmoid: Middle nasal concha

* the middle thin, spongy, bony plate with curved margins
* part of the ethmoidal labyrinth
* projecting from the lateral wall of the nasal cavity and separating the superior meatus from the middle meatus

Suture

interlocking line of union between bones

Suture: Coronal suture

the suture between the parietal and frontal bones of the skull

Suture: Sagittal Suture

between the two parietal bones

Suture: Squamous suture

between parietal and temporal bones

Suture: Lambdoid suture

between parietal bones and occipital bone

Suture: Palatine suture

the median suture joining the bones of the palate

Facial Bones

bones of the face: Lacrimal, mandibular, maxillary, nasal, vomer, and zygomatic

Facial bones: Nasal

form the bridge of the nose

Facial bones: Lacrimal

fingernail sized bones forming a part of the medial orbit walls between the maxilla and the ethmoid

facial bones: Inferior nasal concha

form part of lateral walls of nasal cavity

Facial bones: Vomer

forms the inferior portion of the nasal septum

Facial bones: Zygomatic

forms cheekbones and part of the orbit

Facial bones: Palatine

2 bones that make up the back part of the hard palate

Facial bones: Maxilla

* 2 bones fused in a median suture


* forms the upper jaw and part of the eye orbit

Facial bones: Infraorbital foramen

opening under the orbit carrying the infraorbital nerves and blood vessels in the nasal region

Mandible

lower jaw

Mandible: Mandibular condyle

articulates with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone

Mandible: Coronoid process

anterior process of the mandibular ramus which provides insertion of the temporals muscle

mandible: mental foramen

allows passage of the mental nerve

Mandible: Mandibular notch

dip between mandibular condyle and coronoid process

foramen lacerum

internal carotid artery

Hyoid

a U-shaped bone in the neck that supports the tongue

Jugular foramen

* located where the petrous part of the temporal bone joins the occipital bone
* forms an opening through which the internal jugular vein and cranial nerves

Posterior fontanelle

* junction between the two parietal bones and the occipital bone
* smaller
* Triangular shaped

Anterior fontanelle

frontal, sagittal, and coronal suturez

Sphenoid fontanelle

on the side of the skull between the frontal bone, parietal bone, and sphenoid bone

Mastoid fontanelle

junction of squamous and lambdoid sutures

Maxillary Sinus

largest paranasal sinus; pyramidal; on cheek bone lateral to nasal bone

Sphenoidal sinus

paired cavity located within the sphenoid, inferior to the sella turcica

Ethmoidal sinus

sinuses in the nasal cavity in between the frontal sinus and the sphenoidal sinus

Frontal sinus

cavity within the frontal bone

Sacrum

bone formed from five vertebrae fused together near the base of the spinal column

Sacrum: Sacral canal

roots of spinal nerves pass through here

Sacrum: Sacral foramina

holes in sacrum

Coccyx

four vertebrae fused together to form the tailbone

Sternum

manubrium, body, diploid process

Sternum: Manubrium

top of sternum

Sternum: Body

main long part of sternum

Sternum: Xiphoid process

Bottom of sternum

Ribs

the bones in the chest that protect the heart and lungs

Ribs: True Ribs

a rib that is attached directly to the breastbone (1-7)

Rib: False rib

this rib attaches to the vertebrae in the back and indirectly to the sternum through cartilage (8-12)

False attached rib

False rib- 8-10