Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence part 2

The mean and for Intelligence quotient (IQ)

Mean 100, SD = 15

For the Intelligence quotient (IQ)

A score of 70 or below indicates significant cognitive delays, major deficits in adaptive functioning.

What are the three criteria must be met for a diagnosis of intellectual development disorder

• Significant limitation in general mental abilities (intellectual functioning),

• Significant limitations in one or more areas of adaptive behavior across multiple environments (as measured by an adaptive behavior rating scale, i.e. communication, self-help skills, interpersonal skills, and more)

• Evidence that the limitations became apparent in childhood or adolescence. 

Intellectual development disorder affects

about 2–3% of the general population

What percent of people have mild intellectual disability.

75-90% percent of the affected people

Causes of Intellectual Development Disorders

can be divided into genetic abnormalities and environmental exposure. 

Genetic abnormality

may cause an error of metabolism, neurodevelopmental defect, or neurodegeneration. 

Environmental exposure

• during pregnancy may lead to intellectual development disorder, which can be caused by maternal exposure to a toxin, infectious agent, uncontrolled maternal condition, and birth complications.

Fetal alcohol syndrome

most common, known preventable or environmental cause of intellectual development disorder

• Treatment of Intellectual Developmental Disorders -“We classified and profiled the types of knowledge reviewed as empirical knowledge

• derived from randomized controlled trials [RCTs] and observational studies),

• Treatment of Intellectual Developmental Disorders - ecosystem knowledge

(population-level data from studies of prevalence, environments, and health care systems

• Treatment of Intellectual Developmental Disorders - expert knowledge

(from practitioners or professional bodies proposed with or without an explicit consensus process), and

• Treatment of Intellectual Developmental Disorders -experiential knowledge

patient and caregiver perspectives)

 communication disorder

is any disorder that affects an individual's ability to comprehend, detect, or apply language and speech to engage in discourse effectively with others. 

Language disorder:

are difficulties in learning and using language, which is caused by problems with vocabulary, with grammar, and with putting sentences together in a proper manner.

Another name for speech sound disorder

phonological disorder

• Social (pragmatic) communication disorder:

this diagnosis describes difficulties in the social uses of verbal and nonverbal communication in naturalistic contexts, which affect the development of social relationships and discourse comprehension. 

Unspecified communication disorder

for those who have symptoms of a communication disorder but do not meet all criteria, and whose symptoms cause distress or impairment.

Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD): 

is listed in the DSM-5 under disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders

Symptoms of Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD): 

• Frequent loss of temper

• Touchiness or being easily annoyed

• Anger and resentfulness

• Arguing with authority figures or for children and adolescents, with adults

• Defying or refusing to comply with requests from authority figures or rules

• Deliberately annoying others

• Blaming others for their mistakes or misbehavior

• Being spiteful or vindictive at least twice within the past 6 months

Conduct Disorder Symptoms

The four main groups of symptoms are described below:

• Aggression to people and animals

• Destruction of property

• Deceitfulness or theft

• Serious violations of rules

Motor disorders

are malfunctions of the nervous system that cause involuntary or uncontrollable movements or actions of the body.

Developmental coordination disorder (DCD)

is a chronic neurological disorder beginning in childhood.

Stereotyped movements

are common in infants and young children

Tourette’s syndrome (TS)

is a common neurodevelopmental disorder that begins in childhood or adolescence. It is characterized by multiple movement (motor) tics and at least one vocal (phonic) tic.

Persistent tic disorder:

• have one or more motor tics or vocal tics, but not both, have tics that occur many times a day nearly every day or on and off throughout a period of more than a year, have tics that start before age 18 years, have symptoms that are not due to taking medicine or other drugs, or due to having a medical condition that can cause tics, and not have been diagnosed with TS.( either motor or vocal tics, but not both, also for more than a year)

Provisionaltic disorder:

have one or more motor tics or vocal tics, have been present for no longer than 12 months in a row, have tics that start before age 18 years, have symptoms that are not due to taking medicine or other drugs, or due to having a medical condition that can cause tics, and not have been diagnosed with TS or persistent motor or vocal tic disorder. (motor and/or vocal tics present for less than a year.