AbPsy - Chapter 11: Addictive, Substance Use, and Impulse-Control Disorders

substance

chemical compounds that are ingested to alter mood or behavior

Psychoactive substances

alter mood, behavior, or both.

Substance use

ingestion of psychoactive substances in moderate amounts that does not significantly interfere with social, educational, or occupational functioning.

substance intoxication

Our physiological reaction to ingested substances - drunkenness or getting high

intoxication

experienced as impaired judgment, mood changes, and lowered motor ability (for example, problems walking or talking)

two symptoms in the past year

In order to meet the criteria for a disorder, a person must meet the criteria for at least _____ that interfered with his/her life or bothered him/her a great deal

addiction.

Substance use disorder is usually described as ____

moderate range

When a person has four or five symptoms, he or she is considered to fall in the

six or more

how many symptoms does a severe substance use disorder entails

Substance abuse

generally involves an excessive use of a substance resulting in (1) potentially hazardous behavior or (2) continued use despite a persistent social, psychological, occupational, or health problem.

Substance dependence

includes more severe forms of substance use disorders and usually involves a marked physiological need for increasing amounts of a substance to achieve the desired effects.

tolerance, withdrawal symptoms

Dependence in these disorders means that an individual will show a ____ for a drug and/or experience ____ when the drug is unavailable

Tolerance

the need for increased amounts of a substance to achieve the desired effects— results from biochemical changes in the body that affect the rate of metabolism and elimination of the substance from the body

Withdrawal

refers to physical symptoms such as sweating, tremors, and tension that accompany abstinence from a drug

drug abuse, drug dependence

DSM -5 - merged ____ and ____ into the general definition of substance-related disorders

"sociopathic personality disturbances"

In early editions of the DSM, alcoholism, and drug abuse weren't treated as separate disorders. Instead, they were categorized as ____

DSM-III

separate category was created for substance abuse disorders in ____

Depressants

Their principal effect is to reduce our levels of physiological arousal and help us relax. Included in this group are alcohol and sedative, hypnotic, and anxiolytic drugs.

Dementia, Wernicke- Korsakoff syndrome

two types of organic brain syndromes may result from long-term heavy alcohol use

Dementia

involves the general loss of intellectual abilities and can be a direct result of neurotoxicity or "poisoning of the brain" by excessive amounts of alcohol

Wernicke- Korsakoff syndrome

results in confusion, loss of muscle coordination, and unintelligible speech; believed to be caused by a deficiency of thiamine, a vitamin metabolized poorly by heavy drinkers

thiamine

vitamin metabolized poorly by heavy drinkers

caused by a deficiency of thiamine

cause of Wernicke- Korsakoff syndrome

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

combination of problems that can occur in a child whose mother drank while she was pregnant - including fetal growth retardation, cognitive deficits, behavior problems, and learning difficulties.

prealcoholic stage, prodromal stage, crucial stage, chronic stage

stages of Model of the progression of alcohol

prealcoholic stage

stage where person is drinking occasionally with few serious consequences

prodromal stage

stage where person is drinking heavily but with few outward signs of a problem

crucial stage

stage where person experiences loss of control, with occasional binges

chronic stage

stage where the primary daily activities involve getting and drinking alcohol

sedative

calming

hypnotic

sleep-inducing

anxiolytic

anxiety-reducing

Barbiturates

prescribed to help people sleep and replace such drugs as alcohol and opium

Benzodiazepines

antianxiety drug

benzodiazepines

are considered much safer than barbiturates, with less risk of abuse and dependence

Rohypnol

date rape drug; causes muscle relaxation, amnesia, loss of consciousness

Barbiturates

Larger doses can have results similar to those of heavy drinking; overdosing can be used as a means of suicide

GABA

Sedative, hypnotic, and anxiolytic drugs affect the brain by influencing the ___ neurotransmitter system

synergistic effect

These drugs when used with alcohol or combine multiple types

stimulants.

most commonly consumed psychoactive drugs in the U.S.

caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine.

examples of stimulants

amphetamines

At low doses, ____ can induce feelings of elation and vigor and can reduce fatigue. You feel "up."

• After a period of elevation, however, you come back down and "crash," feeling depressed or tired.

narcolepsy

what sleep disorder prescribed by amphetamines

amphetamine use disorders

DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for intoxication in ____ include significant behavioral symptoms, such as euphoria or affective blunting (a lack of emotional expression), etc.

"Designer drugs"

Ecstasy or methylene-dioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) - party drug

methamphetamine (commonly referred to as "crystal meth" or "ice"),localname-shabu

purified, crystallized form of amphetamine, ingested through smoking

norepinephrine and dopamine

Amphetamines stimulate the central nervous system by enhancing the activity of ____

amphetamine

stays in the system longer than cocaine

COCAINE

Derived from the leaves of the coca plant

Cocaine-induced paranoia

common among persons with cocaine use disorders

crack babies

effect of babies of pregnant women who use cocaine

dopamine neurons in the "pleasure pathway"

stimulation of the _____ (the site in the brain that seems to be involved in the experience of pleasure) causes the high associated with cocaine use.

apathy and boredom

withdrawal from cocaine produces pronounced feelings of ___

tobacco-related disorders

DSM-5 does not describe an intoxication pattern for this disorder but it lists its withdrawal symptoms

nicotine

for tobacco-related disorders, ____ is inhaled into the lungs, where it enters the bloodstream

nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

specific receptors that nicotine stimulates

midbrain reticular formation and limbic system

location of receptors that nicotine stimulates

Caffeine

most common of the psychoactive substances

gentle stimulant

nickname of caffeine

caffeine use disorder

defined as problematic caffeine use that causes significant impairment and distress

caffeine intoxication, caffeine withdrawal, and other caffeine-induced disorders

In the DSM-5, caffeine-related disorders comprise of

caffeine use disorder

DSM-5 does not have a diagnosis of this substance use disorder

adenosine, dopamine

Caffeine's effect on the brain seems to involve the neuromodulator ____ and, to a lesser extent, the neurotransmitter ____.

Opiates

relieve pain and induce sleep (narcotic effect); refers to the natural chemicals in the opium poppy

Opioids

refers to the family of substances that includes

- natural opiates, synthetic variations (morphine, heroin, fentanyl, codeine, methadone, hydrocodone, oxycodone) and

-comparable substances that occur naturally in the brain (enkephalins, beta-endorphins, and dynorphins)

analgesics

Opiates are also ___, substances that help relieve pain.

enkephalins and endorphins

body's natural opioids

natural opioid system

high or "rush" experienced by users comes from activation of the body's ___

weed

popular name of cannabis

tetrahydrocannabinols (THC)

most common marijuana chemical

anandamide, ananda, bliss

brain makes its own version of THC, a neurochemical called ___ after the Sanskrit word ___, which means "bliss"

LSD (d-lysergic acid diethylamide), sometimes referred to as "acid,"

most common hallucinogenic drug

truth serum

Tested LSD as a "____" by the CIA

psilocybin, lysergic acid amide, dimethyltryptamine (DMT), mescaline, Phencyclidine (or PCP).

other hallucinogens from plants

Inhalants

-include a variety of substances found in volatile solvents - making them available to breathe into the lungs directly

spray paint, hair spray, paint thinner, gasoline, amyl nitrate, nitrous oxide ("laughing gas"), nail polish remover, felt-tipped markers, airplane glue, contact cement, dry-cleaning fluid, and spot remover

ex of inhalants

Anabolic-androgenic steroids

roids or juice

Anabolic-androgenic steroid

derived from or are a synthesized form of the hormone testosterone

Dissociative anesthetics

designer drugs; used to target specific diseases and disorders

Dissociative anesthetics

Causes drowsiness, pain relief, and the feeling of being out of one's body

dopaminergic system and its opioid-releasing neurons known as MOP-r receptors are involved

neurobiological influence of drug abuse

agonist

Opioids have an ____ effect at MOP-r receptors - opioids encourage more production of the brain's own opioids.

GABA neurons

One thing that keeps us from being on an unending high is the presence of these _____, which act as the "brain police"

Positive Reinforcement, Negative Reinforcement

psychological dimensions of drug abuse

Positive Reinforcement

The feelings that result from using psychoactive substances are pleasurable and people will continue to take the drugs to recapture the pleasure.

Negative Reinforcement

Many people are likely to initiate and continue drug use to escape from unpleasantness in their lives.

Opponent-process theory

increase in positive feelings will be followed shortly by an increase in negative feelings. Similarly, an increase in negative feelings will be followed by a period of positive feelings, claims that this mechanism is strengthened with use and weakened by disuse.

Expectancy effect

What people expect to experience when they use drugs influences how they react to them

cravings

Once people stop taking drugs after prolonged or repeated use, powerful urges called "____" can interfere with efforts to remain off these drug

Moral weakness model of chemical dependence, Disease model of physiological dependence

Two views of substance-related disorders characterize contemporary thought

Moral weakness model of chemical dependence

drug use is seen as a failure of self-control in the face of temptation (psychosocial perspective)

Disease model of physiological dependence

assumes that drug use disorders are caused by an underlying physiological cause (biological perspective)

INTEGRATIVE MODEL

Access to a drug is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for abuse or dependence.

•

neuroplasticity

Continued use of certain substances changes the way our brains work through a process called ___- - this change in the brain increases the drive to obtain.

Agonist substitution,

involves providing the person with a safe drug that has a chemical makeup similar to the addictive drug

Methadone

an opiate agonist that is often given as a heroin substitute

bupropion

Another medical treatment for smoking that curbs cravings

Antagonist drugs

block or counteract the effects of psychoactive drugs.

naltrexone

most often prescribed opiate-antagonist drug — used to treat alcohol dependence and opioid dependence

Acamprosate

seems to decrease cravings in people dependent on alcohol