1. f(x) is defined at f(c) 2. The limit as x approaches c of f(x) exists 3. The limit as x approaches c of f(x) = f(c)
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Volume of a Sphere
V = 4/3 pi r^3
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Surface Area of a Sphere
S = 4 pi r^2
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Intermediate Value Theorem
If f(x) is continuous on a closed interval [a,b] and k is any number between f(a) and f(b), then there is at least one number c in [a,b] such that f(c) = k.
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Continuity on an open interval, (a,b)
f(x) is continuous if for every point on the interval (a,b) the conditions for continuity at a point are satisfied.
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Continuity on a closed interval, [a,b]
1. f(x) is continuous on the closed interval (a,b) 2. The limit from the right as x approaches a of f(x) is f(a) 3. The limit from the left as x approaches b of f(x) is f(b)
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Indeterminate form
0/0
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The limit as x approaches 0 of sin x / x
1
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The limit as x approaches 0 of (1 - cos x) / x
0
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sin π
0
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cos π
-1
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sin 0
0
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cos 0
1
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sin π/2
1
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cos π/2
0
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sin π/4
√2/2
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cos π/4
√2/2
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sin 3π/2
-1
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cos 3π/2
0
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sin π/6
1/2
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cos π/6
√3/2
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sin π/3
√3/2
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cos π/3
1/2
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sec x
1 / cos x
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csc x
1 / sin x
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cot x
1 / tan x = cos x / sin x
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tan x
sin x / cos x
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cos²x + sin²x
1
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1 + tan²x
sec²x
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1 + cot²x
csc²x
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sin(2x)
2 sin x cos x
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cos(2x)
cos²x - sin²x
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cos²x
(1 + cos 2x) / 2
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sin²x
(1 - cos 2x) / 2
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Area of an equilateral triangle
√3s² / 4
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Area of a circle
πr²
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Circumference of a circle
2πr
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Volume of a right circular cylinder
πr²h
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Volume of a cone
πr²h/3
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ln e
1
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ln 1
0
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ln (mn)
ln m + ln n
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ln (m/n)
ln m - ln n
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ln mⁿ
n ln m
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If f(-x) = f(x)
f is an even function
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If f(-x) = -f(x)
f is an odd function
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How to get from precalculus to calculus
Limits
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Limit Definition of a Derivative
f'(x) = lim as ∆x → 0 of [ f(x + ∆x) - f(x) ] / ∆x
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Continuity & differentiability
Differentiability implies continuity, but continuity does not necessarily imply differentiability.
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Alternate Limit Definition of a derivative
f'(x) = lim as x → c of [ f(x) - f(c) ] / [ x - c]
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Derivative of a constant
d/dx[c] = 0
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Power Rule for Derivatives
d/dx[x^n]=nx^(n-1)
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d/dx[x]
1
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Constant Multiple Rule for Derivatives
d/dx[cf(x)] = c f'(x)
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Sum and Difference Rules for Derivatives
d/dx[f(x) ± g(x)] = f'(x) ± g'(x)
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d/dx[sin x]
cos x
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d/dx[cos x]
-sin x
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Velocity, v(t)
Derivative of Position, s'(t)
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Derivative
Slope of a function at a point/slope of the tangent line to a function at a point
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Average speed
∆s/∆t
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Instantaneous velocity
Derivative of position at a point
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Position function of a falling object (with acceleration in ft/s²)
If two functions, f and g, are differentiable, then d/dx[ f(x) g(x) ] = f(x) g'(x) + g(x) f'(x)
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d/dx[ f(x) g(x) ]
f(x) g'(x) + g(x) f'(x)
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The Quotient Rule
If two functions, f and g, are differentiable, then d/dx[ f(x) / g(x) ] = [g(x)f'(x) - f(x) g'(x)] / [g(x)]²
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d/dx[ f(x) / g(x) ]
[g(x)f'(x) - f(x) g'(x)] / [g(x)]²
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d/dx[tan x]
sec² x
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d/dx[cot x]
-csc² x
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d/dx[sec x]
sec x tan x
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d/dx[csc x]
-csc x cot x
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d/dx[ln x]
1/x, x>0
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d/dx[e^x]
e^x
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d/dx[arcsin x]
1/√(1-x²)
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d/dx[arccos x]
-1/√(1-x²)
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d/dx[arctan x]
1/(1+x²)
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d/dx[arccot x]
-1/(1+x²)
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d/dx[arcsec x]
1/(|x|√(x²-1))
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d/dx[arccsc x]
-1/(|x|√(x²-1))
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Chain Rule: d/dx[f(g(x))] =
f'(g(x))g'(x)
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Guidelines for implicit differentiation
1. Differentiate both sides w.r.t. x 2. Move all y' terms to one side & other terms to the other 3. Factor out y' 4. Divide to solve for y'
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d/dx[ln u]
u'/u, u > 0
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d/dx[e^u]
u' e^u
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Guidelines for solving related rates problems
1. Given, Want, Sketch 2. Write an equation using variables given/to be determined 3. Differentiate w.r.t. time (using chain rule) 4. Plug in & solve
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Derivative of an inverse (if g(x) is the inverse of f(x))
g'(x) = 1/f'(g(x)), f'(g(x)) cannot = 0
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d/dx[a^x]
(ln a) a^x
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d/dx[a^u]
u' (ln a) a^u
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d/dx[log_a x]
1/((ln a) x)
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d/dx[log_a u]
u'/((ln a) u)
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Extreme Value Theorem
If f is continuous on the closed interval [a,b] then it must have both a minimum and maximum on [a,b].
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Critical number
x values where f'(x) is zero or undefined.
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Mean Value Theorem
if f(x) is continuous and differentiable, slope of tangent line equals slope of secant line at least once in the interval (a, b)
f '(c) = [f(b) - f(a)]/(b - a)
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Rolle's Theorem
Let f be continuous on [a,b] and differentiable on (a,b) and if f(a)=f(b) then there is at least one number c on (a,b) such that f'(c)=0 (If the slope of the secant is 0, the derivative must = 0 somewhere in the interval).