Police Powers and Accountability in England and Wales, Overview of the Criminal Trial and Court System, Understanding the Prosecution Process and Crown CPS Role

Police Constabularies

43 police services in England and Wales.

Basic Command Units

Subdivisions of police constabularies.

Chief Constable

Head of a police constabulary.

IOPC

Investigates public complaints against police.

Police Accountability

Oversight of police conduct and complaints.

PACE 1984

Codified statutory police powers in the UK.

Stop and Search Powers

Police authority to search individuals or vehicles.

Suspicion-Based Powers

Requires reasonable suspicion for police action.

Suspicion-Less Powers

Allows police action without specific suspicion.

Public Order Act 1986

Legislation regulating public order offenses.

CJPOA 1994

Criminal Justice and Public Order Act.

Proceeds of Crime Act 2002

Legislation for confiscating criminal gains.

Serious Organised Crime Act 2005

Legislation targeting organized crime activities.

Terrorism Act 2000

Legislation addressing terrorism-related offenses.

Code A

Regulates stop and search procedures.

Code B

Guidelines for searches of premises.

Code C

Rules for detention and questioning of suspects.

Code D

Standards for identifying persons by police.

Code E

Requirements for audio recording interviews.

Code F

Guidelines for visual recording interviews.

Code G

Statutory arrest powers of police officers.

Code H

Regulations for terrorism-related suspect treatment.

S1(2) PACE 1984

Police can search for stolen or prohibited items.

Stop and Search

Police power to search individuals or vehicles.

Reasonable Grounds

Objective basis for suspicion required for searches.

Reasonable Suspicion

Genuine suspicion based on facts or intelligence.

Code A

Guidance for legal tests of reasonable suspicion.

Personal Factors

Attributes like age or race cannot justify suspicion.

Stereotypical Images

Generalizations cannot support reasonable suspicion.

PACE 1984

Legislation governing police powers in England.

Documentary Evidence

Proof of police identity required if not in uniform.

Search Details

Record of search must be provided to individual.

Public Clothing Removal

Only outer clothing can be removed during searches.

S60 CJPO 1994

Allows suspicion-less searches during serious violence incidents.

Inspector's Authorization

Required for implementing S60 stop and search powers.

24-Hour Authorization

Initial duration for S60 powers before extension.

Superintendent Extension

S60 authorization can be extended for another 24 hours.

Roberts v Commissioner

Case ruling on compatibility of S60 with human rights.

Article 8 ECHR

Right to private life under European human rights law.

Judicial Review

Legal process to challenge lawfulness of actions.

Offensive Weapons

Items that can cause harm, searched under S60.

Gang Activity

Criminal behavior by organized groups, relevant to searches.

Basketball Ground Complaints

Local reports of drug dealing influencing police actions.

Chase and Stop

Police pursuit leading to a stop and search.

Osman v DPP 1999

Case establishing requirements for lawful searches.

Fitness Clothes

Attire worn by individuals, not grounds for suspicion.

Disproportionality

Unequal representation in stop and search statistics.

Best Use of Stop and Search Scheme (BUSSS)

2014 initiative to reduce no-suspicion stops.

No-suspicion searches

Searches conducted without prior evidence or suspicion.

Authorization requirement

Assistant Chief Constable must approve no-suspicion searches.

Incident criteria

Requires violence incident or imminent threat of violence.

Time limits for searches

Initial 15 hours, extendable to 24 hours.

Reduction in searches

No-suspicion searches fell 36% from 2013/14 to 2017/18.

Sajid Javid's instruction

March 2019 directive to revert BUSSS aspects.

Priti Patel's extension

August 2019 expanded Javid's instruction to all England.

Racial bias

Prejudice influencing police stop and search decisions.

Over-representation of Black people

Higher stop rates linked to officer biases.

Asian over-patrolling

Increased stop rates due to excessive police presence.

Training reforms

Educational measures to reduce police bias.

Ethical standards

Guidelines ensuring police conduct aligns with ethics.

Consequences for misconduct

Penalties for officers violating ethical standards.

Casey Review

2023 report addressing police systemic failures.

IRAC approach

Legal analysis method: Identify, Rule, Apply, Conclude.

Legal issue identification

First step in the IRAC approach.

Relevant rules

Applicable laws or case precedents for the issue.

Application of rules

Connecting legal rules to case facts.

Concluding legal issue

Final step in IRAC, summarizing findings.

PC Budd's patrol

Police Constable responding to a robbery report.

David's robbery account

Victim describes theft by two young men.

Tattoo identification

Distinctive mark aiding suspect recognition.

Fluorescent green case

Unique feature of the stolen iPhone.

Section 1 PACE

Legal basis for police stop and search.

Armed Robbery

Theft involving the use of force or threat.

Theft Act 1968

UK law defining theft and related offenses.

PC Budd

Police constable involved in the arrest.

Marge

Bart's mother who gave him the phone.

Springfield

Fictional town in 'The Simpsons' series.

Section 1

Initial section of the Theft Act 1968.

Section 24 PACE 1984

Legal framework for police arrest powers.

Reasonable Grounds

Basis for suspecting someone of an offense.

Section 24(1)

Allows arrest of individuals about to commit offenses.

Section 24(2)

Allows arrest if an offense is suspected to have occurred.

Section 24(3)

Allows arrest of individuals guilty of a committed offense.

David

Victim who reported the mobile phone theft.

Fluorescent Green Case

Description of the stolen mobile phone's case.

Young Man

Suspect description related to the robbery.

Tattoo on Right Hand

Distinctive feature of the robbery suspect.

Alanov v Chief Constable

Case establishing standards for reasonable grounds.

Subsection 5 Reasons

Justifications for necessity of an arrest.

Preventing Injury

Reason to arrest to avoid physical harm.

Protecting Vulnerable Persons

Arrest to safeguard children or vulnerable individuals.

Effective Investigation

Arrest to facilitate prompt crime investigation.

Disappearance Risk

Arrest to prevent suspect evading prosecution.

Claims of Innocence

Statements made by suspects to refute suspicion.

Stop and Search

Police action to check individuals for illegal items.

Summary Arrest

Immediate arrest without a warrant under certain conditions.

Liability to Arrest

Warning issued if identity is unclear.

Reasonable Grounds

Basis for believing arrest is necessary.

Code G

Legal framework governing police arrest procedures.

Section 24(5)(a)

Doubt about real name justifies arrest.