Learning Process - Complete Guide Flashcards

Vocabulary-style flashcards based on the 'Proceso de Aprendizaje' lecture notes, covering the key terminology and theories of Applied Linguistics and second language acquisition.

Applied Linguistics

A discipline that studies problems related to the real use of language and seeks to provide practical responses by connecting linguistic knowledge with specific situations.

Interdisciplinarity in Applied Linguistics

The requirement to dialogue with other areas such as psychology, pedagogy, sociology, anthropology, education, and communication to resolve complex language problems.

Internal Factors

Variables affecting language acquisition related to the influence of the L1 (first language) and transfer.

External Factors

Variables in the learning process including environment, interaction, communicative situation, and instruction.

Individual Factors

Learner-specific variables such as age, aptitude, motivation, personality, anxiety, cognitive styles, self-concept, and self-esteem.

Communicative Competence

The ability to use language appropriately, comprising linguistic, pragmatic, sociolinguistic, and strategic competence, along with intercultural skills.

Method

An integrated system for teaching that includes focus (enfoque), design (diseño), and procedure (procedimiento).

Foreign Language (LE)

A language being learned that is not present in the daily context of the learner.

Second Language (L2)

A target language being learned that is present in the learner's environment and can be used outside the classroom.

Acquisition

A more natural and unconscious process of gaining language skills, often contrasted with instructed learning.

Learning

A conscious, intentional, and instructed activity directed toward gaining language knowledge.

Conductismo (Behaviorism)

A theory that explains language as learned behavior through stimulus, response, repetition, imitation, and reinforcement.

Innatismo (Innativism)

A theory associated with Chomsky that considers humans to have a specific innate linguistic capacity involving Universal Grammar (GU) and the Language Acquisition Device (DAL).

Cognitivismo (Cognitivism)

A perspective where the learner is an active agent and acquisition involves perception, memory, attention, and the processing of declarative knowledge into procedural knowledge.

Interaccionismo (Interactionism)

A theory that acquisition arises from the interaction between an individual's capacities and environmental factors, emphasizing negotiated meaning and the Zone of Proximal Development.

Microsociolinguistic Context

The level of social context related to the specific situation, interlocutors, roles, register, and the relationship between participants.

Macrosociolinguistic Context

The level of social context incorporating sociocultural history, linguistic attitudes, intercultural perspectives, and community characteristics.

Systematic Variability

Language variation in a learner that occurs in a predictable manner according to the linguistic and social context.

Asystematic Variability

Variable language use by a learner that is not predictable.

Communication Strategies

Tools used to overcome communication difficulties when the learner's linguistic repertoire is insufficient.

Accommodation Theory

A theory based on social identity where a person uses language to socially approach or distance themselves from other groups.

Aculturación (Acculturation)

A concept by Schumann relating L2 acquisition to the degree of social and psychological integration of the learner into the target culture.

Interlingua (Interlanguage)

A term coined by Selinker (1972) for the linguistic system of a non-native speaker, which is autonomous, transitory, and changing.

Fosilización (Fossilization)

The maintenance of certain non-native linguistic forms that resist disappearance and change, potentially becoming a stable state.

Atención a la forma (Focus on Form)

Directing explicit attention to linguistic elements while the main objective of the activity remains meaning or communication.

Afectividad (Affectivity)

Factors including emotion, feeling, mood, and attitude that condition behavior and complement cognitive processes in learning.

Anxiety

An affective factor that can generate blocks in participation and learning, requiring a safe classroom environment.

Motivation

The factor that provides energy and direction to behavior, categorized as either intrinsic or extrinsic.

Learning Styles

The different preferences learners exhibit when facing tasks, which should be addressed with a variety of teaching activities.

Bilingual Models

Educational programs differentiated by how two languages are used, often following the principle of 'one language for each subject'.