BIOL 1030 Exam - Choi

What is unique about Deuterostomia?

come in both vertebrate and invertebrate species.

Grouped together by DNA similarities and developmental similarities

Phylum Porifera are informally known as the

sponges

What kind of animals are Phylum Porifera?

basal

What does Phylum Porifera lack?

tissues

What is a eumetazoan?

Eumetazoans are true animals

Why are Eumetazoans considered true animals?

because they have tissues

Are sponges eumetazoans?

no

What are the 2 general body plans found in cnidarians?

Polyps and medusae

Cnidocytes

Found in some cnidarians, are stinging cells found in tentacles that aid in protection and capturing prey

nematocysts

found in some cnidarians, are stinging threads that can penetrate prey

Medusozoans

Medusozoans are cnidarians that can produce a medusa

anthozoans

Anthozoans are cnidarians that only exist as a polyp.

Jelly fish are formally known as what?

scyphozoans

Cube jellies are formally known as

cubozoans

What is an example of a cube jelly?

***Chironex fleckeri***

How would you best describe the life cycle of a cnidarian in 2 words?

Gametic meiosis

What is coral bleaching?

Occurs when algal symbionts (***Zooxanthellae***) are cleared out from corals due to an increase in seawater temperatures.

What are 2 characteristics shared among all Bilaterians?

Bilateral symmetry & triploblastic

Which Phylum is flatworms?

Phylum Platyhelminthes

What are free-living flatworms called?

planarians

planarians have light sensitive what?

eye spots

What are parasitic organisms in the phylum Platyhelminthes that often have complex life cycles?

trematodes

What Is an example of a parasitic flatworm?

tapeworm

What is the “sucker” found on parasitic flatworms to physically latch onto the hosts intestinal lining?

scolex 

What is the long “ribbon” of units that consists of thousands of fertilized eggs on a parasitic flatworm?

proglottids

Why is it important to rid yourself of the whole tape worm if you are infected?

a single proglottid that is left behind can eventually develop into a new tapeworm

What are the 2 groups within Phylum Syndermata?

Rotifers & acanthocephalans

12. Ectoprocts have an “____ anus.”

outside

1st most diverse phylum?

Arthropoda

2nd most diverse phylum?

Mollusca

What is the muscular structure of a mollusk?

foot

The structure that can secrete a shell

mantle

What are the 4 clades of phylum Mollusca?

Polyplacophora

Gastropoda

Bivalvia

Cephalopoda

What does the clade Polyplacophora consist of?

chitons

What does the clade Gastropoda consist of?

snails & slugs

What does the clade Bivalvia consist of?

clams & oysters

What does the clade Cephalopoda consist of?

squids,octopuses,cuttlefishes,chamberednautiluses

12. Phylum Annelida are the _______ worms

segmented

Phylum Annelida includes 2 clades:

Errantia and Sedentarians

Leeches make a chemical called ____ that can prevent blood coagulation

hirudin

What is the down fall of ecdysis?

Prevents growth of the organism and is energetically expensive

What are the 3 clades of arthropods?

Chelicerata, Myriapoda, Pancrustacea

Example of Chelicerata

sea spiders, horseshoe crabs, scorpions, ticks, mites, spiders

Example of Myriapoda

millipedes and centipedes

Example of Pancrustacea

ex: some insects, lobsters, shrimp

Give an example of an Isopod?

Terrestrial pill bug

What is an example of a Decapod?

Crab

What is an example of a Copepod?

Krill

Give an example of an organism that participates in Incomplete metamorphosis

Grasshoppers

Give an example of an organism that participates in complete metamorphosis

Caterpillars/butterflies

Which organism gives humans African sleeping sickness?

tsetse fly

Which organism gives humans malaria?

mosquitoes

Deuterostom

mouth second

Protostome

mouth first

What are the 3 phyla of deuterostomes?

Exhinodermata, Hemichordata, Chordata

What are the 5 clades of phylum echinodermata?

Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea, Echinoidea, Crinoidea, Holothuroidea

Give examples of clade Asteroidea

Sea stars and sea daises

Give examples of clade Ophiuroidea

brittle stars

Give examples of clade Echinoidea

sea urchins and sand dollars

Give examples of clade Crinoidea

sea lilies and feather stars

Give examples of clade Holothuroidea

sea cucumbers

The “mouth” of a sea urchin that contains jaw-like structures specialized for eating seaweed

Aristotle’s Lantern

What are the 2 “basal” groups of invertebrates that fall under Phylum Chordata?

Cephalochordata and Urocordata

Give an example of a Cephalochordata

lancelets

Urochordata

tunicates

Are all chordates, vertebrates

no

Why are all chordates not vertebrates?

Phyla Cephalochordata and Urochordata are invertebrate chordates.

What 2 chordate groups are amniotes?

Reptilia and Mammalia

Bilaterian

Bilateral symmetry

Deuterostome

Anus forms from the blastopore during embryonic development

What are the 4 derived characters of chordates?

Notochord

Dorsal & hollow nerve chord

Pharyngeal slits/clefts

Muscular, post-anal tail

Why are some derived chordate characters absent in an adult tunicate?

***Hox*** genes

Jawless vertebrates are called

cyclostomes

2 examples of jawless vertebrates we discussed

Subphylum Myxini

Subphylum Petromyzontid

Example of Subphylum Petromyzontid

lampreys

Example of Subphylum Myxini

hagfishes

Jawed vertebrates are called

gnathostomes

What are the 2 derived characters found in gnathostomes?

jaws and Duplication of Hox genes

What are the gnathostome groups?

Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes

What does Osteichthyes include?

Actinopterygii and Sarcopterygii

What are the subclasses in Sarcopterygii?

Actinistia and Dipnoi

What is torpor?

A state of inactivity

What does torpor have to do with lungfishes?

They burrow into the mud during dry seasons and wait in a state of torpor until water levels rise again

What are the 3 classes of tetrapod vertebrates?

Urodela, Anura, and Apoda

What is paedomorphosis?

Paedomorphosis is a phenomenon in which larval or juvenile features are retained in the fully grown adult.

What organism shows Paedomorphosis

axolotls

Explain why not all frogs are toads.

Toads are frogs that have leathery skin and also have more adaptations for life on land

What are some adaptations that have allowed frogs to be successful?

Long & sticky tongues, Skin glands for secreting mucous, Aposemetism

What does ‘amphibian’ mean?

“both life”

What is the downside of some amphibians laying alot of eggs at once

High egg mortality rates

What is an amniote?

Amniotes are a group of tetrapods that have an amnion of some sort (can have eggs or not).

What 2 groups are amniotic?

reptiles and mammals

What protein is found in reptilian scales, birdfeet, and humanhair/skin/nails

Beta-keratin

Why is beta-keratin found in reptilian scales, birdfeet, and humanhair/skin/nails

it’s a strong and supportive protein

Organisms who use external heat that is absorbed as a main source of body heat

ectoderms

Ex of ectoderms

non-avian reptiles

organisms that generate heat via their own metabolism

Endotherms

Ex of Endotherms

avian species and mammals

Early reptiles that had a pair of holes on each side of their skull.

diapsids

Why do tuatara habitats need to be kept “rat-free”?

Rats eat their eggs