World History Semester 2 Final Exam

The industrial revolution began in _________.

Great Britain

The ________, passed by Parliament in the 1700s, allowed landowners to fence off common lands.

Enclosure movement

The production method they used during the 18th century was called a ________.

Cottage industry

A series of _____ in the 18th century made the cottage industry inefficient and led to cotton being produced in manufacturing factories.

Technological advances

At first, _____ were located near rivers to harness the power of moving water, but later they did not need to be located near water due to the invention of the ______.

Factories, steam engine

With this new change in powering factories, ____ became an important natural resource because it was used to power the new steam engines.

Coal

As a result of these changes, _____ cottage industries were destroyed and as a colony of Great Britain they began focusing on agricultural production as opposed to manufacturing. This began slowing this region's development for over a century.

India's

High quality iron could now be used to build new ___, especially ____.

Machines, trains

Outside of Europe, the Industrial Revolution first spread to and occurred in, the _____.

United States

_____, an economic system based on industrial production, arose during the 19th and 20th centuries.

Industrial capitalism

As a result of this new economic system, a new middle class group developed called the _____.

Bourgeoisie

Individuals that gave money to inventors to allow them to produce their inventions (the equivalent of stocks at the time, but with wealthy people being the source of money)

Financiers

Parliament passed the ______ to protect children working in factories. This was the very beginning of worker protection laws in the modern world.

Factory Act of 1833

Family life was disrupted due to industrialization in three ways:

1) they were separated from the countryside
2) their hours were long
3) their pay was low

As a result of disruption in family life, some reformers called for a change and advocated _____. In this system, society typically represented by the govt, owns and controls some of the means of production and utilities.

Socialism

The earliest of these reformers were labeled ____ socialist b/c their ideas were seen as impractical and idealistic.

Utopian

1782: James Watt's invention (1760 official date of invention)

Made changes that enabled the steam engine to drive machinery, steam power could now be used to spin and weave cloth, cotton mills using steam power soon appeared all over Great Britain

1807: Robert Fulton's invention

Built the Clermont (first paddle wheel steamboat), made transportation easier on the waterways of the US

One form of ___ socialism was eventually called ____.

Marxist, communism

In 1848 The ______ was published.

Communist Manifesto

The German authors of The Communist Manifesto were ____ and ____.

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

The ____, middle class, were the oppressors.

Bourgeoisie

The ____, working class, were the oppressed.

Proletariat

1913: Henry Ford's invention

Assembly line, allowed a much more efficient mass production of goods

_____ is the production of goods in quantity usually by machinery.

Mass production

15% of population; believed in hard-work; several groups at varying economic and social levels; included: lawyers, doctors, members of civil service, business managers, engineers, architects, accountants, and chemists; lower middle-class included: small shopkeepers, traders, and prosperous farmers; second Industrial Revolution led to white collars (between lower middle-class and lower class), included: traveling sales people, bookkeepers, telephone operators, sales people, and secretaries

Middle Class

Family became the centerpiece of ____ life. This impacted and led to the development of many holidays and holiday celebrations we can relate to today.

Middle-class

As a result of the push for women's equal political rights, many believed that ____, or the right to vote, was a key to improving women's overall position in society.

Suffrage

The victors of the Napoleonic Wars sought to contain the forces unleashed by the French Revolution. These rulers, such as Metternich, believed in a political philosophy known as _______.

Conservatism

This group believed in these principles: favored obedience to political authority, believed that organized religions was crucial to keep order in society, hated revolutions, unwilling to accept demands from people who wanted individual rights or representative govt

Conservatives

Following the Congress of Vienna, the Great Powers agreed to meet periodically to discuss their common interests. These future meetings came to be called the ________.

Concert of Europe

Eventually the Great Powers adopted a Principle of ______.

Intervention

Principle that guided the Concert of Europe, balancing of political and military forces that guaranteed the independence of the great powers

Balance of powers

The right claimed by the Great Powers due to the Principle of Intervention

Right to send armies into countries where there were revolutions in order to restore legitimate monarchs to their thrones

Regardless of the Great Powers, there were forces of change operating in Europe between 1815 and 1830. These two forces of change were known as _____ and _____.

Liberalism, nationalism

_______ is the political philosophy that grew out of the Enlightenment.

Liberalism

Liberalism held that people should be as _____ as possible from govt restraint.

Free

A more powerful force of change in this era than liberalism was _____.

Nationalism

The unique cultural identity of a people based on common language, religion, and national symbols

Nationalism

Liberals had a set of political beliefs, including the protection of _____ or the basic rights of people.

Civil liberties

Two European countries that became unified

Germany and Italy

Country that struggled through unification

Italy

Most liberal and successful European nation of the time period

Great Britain

The significance of the Crimean War is that it destroyed the _____.

Concert of Europe

King of Piedmont and eventually all of Italy

King Victor Emmanuel II

Prime Minister of Piedmont and eventually all of Italy

Camillo di Cavour

King of Prussia and eventually all of Germany

King William I

Prime Minister of Prussia and eventually all of Germany

Otto von Bismarck

_____ (1837-1901) reign was the longest in English history, well reflecting British attitudes through her sense of duty and moral respectability.

Queen Victoria

A form of govt with a monarch at the head

Monarchy

During the 19th century _____ expanded in W Europe while the old order preserved ______ in Central and E Europe.

Democracy, authoritarianism

Leader of Germany and title

William II, Kaiser

_____ realized that Germany's emergence as the most powerful nation in continental Europe by 1871 had upset the balance of power put into effect by the Congress of Vienna.

Otto von Bismarck

The defensive alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy was called the _____.

Triple Alliance

The new emperor of Germany in 1890 was ____.

William II

William II immediately fired ____, and became more aggressive in foreign policy.

Otto von Bismarck

When Germany dropped its treaty with Russia, ____ and ____ formed an anti-German defensive alliance.

France and Russia

The Triple Entente included these three countries

Great Britain, France, and Russia

A series of crisis in the Balkans b/t 1908 and 1913 b/t these 2 uncompromising alliances set the stage for _____.

World War I

Social Darwinism

In the struggle b/t nations, the fit are victorious; racist undertones

Racism

Race determines traits and capabilities of a people or nation, particular races are better than others

Imperialism

The extension of a nation's power over other lands

Direct Rule

When the local rulers were replaced by Western officers

Indirect Rule

When local rulers were allowed to keep their authority and status in a new colonial setting

New Imperialism

Western powers entered a new era of expansion, viewed Asia and Africa as sources of industrial raw materials and a source of markets for manufactured goods, direct control over vast territories

Indigenous peoples

Native people of a region, inferior to those who colonized them

"White Man's Burden"

Bringing the Christian message to "heathen masses," bringing the benefit of western democracy and capitalism, moral responsibility to "civilize" primitive people

Items sought by colonizing powers

Exploitation of lands natural resources, open up new markets for manufactured goods

Motives that drove colonization/imperialism

Strong economic motives for raw materials and markets, heated rivalries (wanted an advantage over other Western rivals), national prestige, religious and humanitarian motives (white man's burden)

Form of control that was most sought over by European powers

Indirect rule b/c it made access to a regions natural resources easier and cheaper

Advantages of indirect rule

It made access to a regions natural resources easier and cheaper

Disadvantages of direct rule

Although it resulted in access to a regions natural resources, it was harder and more costly

Things wanted by Western imperial powers within the areas they colonized

Exportation of a colonies natural resources, creation of plantation agriculture (cash crops), creation of mining operations, low wages and poor conditions to maximize profits

Things not wanted by Western imperial powers within the areas they colonized

Colonies to develop their own industries, economic competition from their colonies, colonial economic growth to support independence movements

Impact of colonization on the peoples within the colonies

Unhealthy conditions in which thousands died, high taxes and poverty, developed modern economic systems (capitalism and new entrepreneurial class), internal improvements (RRs, highways, schools, etc.)

Reason early resistance movements failed

Because they were crushed by Western military strength

Causes of WWI (5)

Militarism, imperialism, nationalism, alliances, and internal dissent

Archduke Francis Ferdinand

Heir to the Hasbar throne of Austria hungry and his wife visited Sarajevo in Bosnia. Group of conspirators waited there in streets

Schlieffen plan

It called for a two front war with France and Russia. Germany would conduct a small holding action against Russia while most of German army would carry out a rapid invasion of France. Rapid invasion of France by moving quickly along the level coastal area through Belgium been to Russia

Reparations

Germany had to pay reparations for all the damages that the Allied govts and their people had sustained b/c of the war

Armistice

A truce, an agreement to end the fighting

Kaiser Wilhelm

Emperor William II, King of Prussia, emperor of Germany, whose political policies led his country into WWI, lost power when Germany lost the war

Clemenceau

Leader of France; wanted revenge and security against future German attacks; wanted Germany stripped of all weapons, vast German reparations to cover the costs of war, and a separate Rhineland as a buffer state b/t France and Germany

Woodrow Wilson

US President; wanted Fourteen Points (his basis for a peace settlement that justified the enormous military struggle being waged), to create a world organization (the League of Nations) to prevent future wars

Treaty of Versailles

Treaty w/ Germany after WWI (conditions put on Germany partially led to WWII)

Menchiviks

Led by Kerensky (once leader of Dumas), workers revolt through strikes, White Army

March and October Revolutions

March: riots sweep through St. Petersburg (1917)
October: Bolsheviks storm winter palace, arrest members of provisional govt, and est. new govt

Cheka

Secret police set up by Lenin, arrested "enemies of the revolution"

Main goal of the Treaty of Versailles

Make Germany pay for WWI

Difference b/t the "Red" and "White" forces fighting the Russian Revolution

Red: The Communist
White: Anti-Communist

Propaganda

Ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause

Propagandist impact

Stirred the national hatreds before the war. Most people seem genuinely convinced that their nations cause was just

Describe the trenches

Elaborate systems of defense German and French each had hundreds of miles of trenches which were protected by Barbwire and tangle meant to 5 feet high and 30 yards wide concrete machine gun nest another gun battery support for their back by heavy artillery protected the trenches choose to live in holes in the ground no man's land

War of attrition

A war based on wearing the other side down by constant attacks and have a losses

Total war

Involves the complete mobilization of resources and people

Impact of total war

It affected the lives of all citizens in the warring countries

Czar Nicholas II

Autocratic ruler; relied on the army and bureaucracy to hold up his regime, cut off from events by Gregory Rasputin

Bolsheviks

A small section of Marxist party called the Russian social democrats dedicated to violent revolution, Red Army

Leader of the Bolsheviks

Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (V.I. Lenin)

Guerrilla tactics

Used by Mao Zedong against Chiang Kai-skek, unexpected methods like sabotage and deception to fight the enemy