đề chính thức lớp 11

chữ tượng hình

hieroglyphics

to move or spread slowly out of a hole or through something

seep

Pesticides are seeping out of farmland and into the water supply.

figurative Given the intense secrecy of the arms business, information only seeps out in company literature.

to be something that you do not want to say more about at this particular time

be another story

When we finally got home, we found that we'd been burgled - but that's another story.

unsuccessful or showing no activity or development

the doldrums(informal)

Her career was in the doldrums during those years.

an artificial slope made of earth and/or stones (đê)

embankment (n)

a river/road/railway embankment

silly

goofy

That was a real goofy thing to do.

I like Jim, but he's a little goofy.

to be remembered as an important event, person, etc.:

go down in the annals

Quite whether he will go down in the annals of American history as a great leader remains to be seen.

The story of Molly the chicken went down in the annals of our family history.

to find faults in details that are not important

nitpick (v) (informal)

You're always nitpicking - it's so annoying!

to change direction

veer (v)

All of a sudden, the car veered off the road.

Moments before crashing, the jet was seen veering sharply to the right.

in the course of writing this essay, i was tempted many times to veer off the subject

to fail to get an answer or a result

draw a blank (informal)

He asked me for my phone number and I drew a blank - I just couldn't remember it.

If a supply of something valuable is untapped, it is not yet used or taken advantage of

untapped

untapped assets/resources/markets/talent

extremely surprising, because of being great in amount

eye-watering

The oil giants' profits are eye-watering.

Despite taking an eye-watering pay cut, he has no regrets about his career change.

If you step into the breach, you do someone else's work when they are unable to do it

step into the breach

Gail's sudden illness meant that Kathy had to step into the breach.

to make someone believe something false, usually so that that person will give you their money or possessions

con (V) (informal)

be conned into She felt she had been conned into buying the car.

con someone out of something Thieves conned him out of his life savings.

con something out of someone He managed to con £20 out of them (= get that amount from them by deceiving them).

như những người bình đẳng

as equals

1. The two leaders met as equals despite the difference in military strength.

2. Good teachers treat their students as equals during discussions

kẻo, sợ rằng

lest

1. He whispered lest anyone should hear. 2. She took notes lest she forget the details.

hầu như, gần như

all but

1. The town was all but destroyed by the earthquake.

2. His explanation all but confirmed our suspicions.

vượt qua (khó khăn, khủng hoảng)

ride out

1. The company managed to ride out the recession. 2. We stayed indoors to ride out the storm.

kết giao với; bắt đầu có mqh

take up with 1. He has taken up with a bad crowd. 2. She took up with an older businessman.

siết chặt, trấn áp

clamp down (on) (neutral)

1. The government clamped down on tax evasion. 2. Schools are clamping down on cheating.

yếu dần rồi chấm dứt

peter out(informal)

1. The conversation petered out after midnight.

2. Their enthusiasm soon petered out.

đánh lừa, lảng tránh bằng lời bào chữa

fob off (informal)

1. Don't fob me off with excuses. 2. He tried to fob off the customers with cheap copies.

ngủ gục; kiệt sức

(informal)

flake out 1. I flaked out on the sofa after work. 2. She was so tired that she flaked out immediately.

đùa ai, lừa cho vui

have sb on

1. You're having me on, aren't you?

2. Stop having him on—he believes everything.

sắp đến, gần tới

get on for (age/time)

1. She's getting on for eighty. 2. It's getting on for midnight.

đứng trên pháp luật

be above the law

Neutral

1. No politician is above the law. 2. Wealth does not make anyone above the law.

phai dần; hết tác dụng

wear off

1. The painkiller began to wear off. 2. The excitement soon wore off.

đáp trả bằng (lời biện minh, lập luận...)

hit back with 1. The minister hit back with a detailed justification. 2. She hit back with evidence proving her innocence.

bắt đầu (cuộc trò chuyện, tình bạn...)

strike up

1. We struck up a conversation on the train. 2. They struck up a close friendship.

bật dậy

leap up

1. He leapt up when he heard the alarm. 2. She leapt up from her chair in surprise.

thúc đẩy; đẩy nhanh

push forward 1. The committee pushed forward the proposal. 2. We need to push forward with the project.push forward

soạn thảo; lập; dừng xe

draw up

1. The lawyer drew up the contract. 2. A taxi drew up outside the hotel.

cướp bóc; chiến lợi phẩm

loot

1. Shops were looted during the riot. 2. The thieves escaped with a large amount of loot.

to cause difficulty and problems for someone or something:

ail (v) (formal)

what ails The government seems to have no understanding of what ails the country.

to change the rules while someone is trying to do something in order to make it more difficult for them

move the goalposts (idiom) (informal disapproving)

We'd almost signed the contract when the other guys moved the goalposts and said they wanted more money.

cột đèn đường

lamp-post

1. The car crashed into a lamp-post. 2. Posters were attached to every lamp-post.

từ sáng sớm đến tối mịt

from dawn to dusk

1. Farmers worked from dawn to dusk. 2. She studied from dawn to dusk before the exam.

sự suy nhược

debility (n)(formal)

1. The illness caused severe debility. 2. Age-related debility limited his mobility.

đặc quyền, đặc quyền riêng

prerogative (formal)(N)

1. It is the president's prerogative to appoint ministers. 2. Parents have the prerogative to make decisions for young children.

sự vặn vẹo; sự méo mó

contortion (N) (formal) 1. His face twisted into a contortion of pain. 2. The gymnast performed incredible contortions.

sự thoái vị; từ bỏ quyền lực

abdication

1. The king's abdication shocked the nation. 2. Critics described it as an abdication of responsibility.

knowing a lot about something

well versed

He was well versed in modern history.

tụ tập sát nhau (để giữ ấm, bàn bạc); một nhóm người tụm lại

huddle (v,n)

1. The children huddled around the fire to keep warm.
2. The players formed a huddle before the match.

chuồng chó

kennel (N)

1. The dog slept peacefully in its kennel.
2. We built a new kennel for our puppy.

chuồng thỏ hoặc động vật nhỏ

hutch (n)

1. The rabbits stayed in a wooden hutch.
2. She cleaned the hutch every weekend.

chuồng, bãi quây gia súc (sheep pen, pig pen)

pen (for animals)

1. The sheep were moved into a pen.
2. Farmers repaired the cattle pen.

to make a formal statement saying that a public official is guilty of a serious offence in connection with their job, especially in the US

impeach (v)

1. The president was impeached by the lower house.
2. Lawmakers voted to impeach the governor.

bãi bỏ (luật, hiệp ước)

abrogate (v) (formal)

1. The government abrogated the outdated law.
2. The treaty was abrogated after the conflict.

• abrogate = rất trang trọng, thường dùng cho hiệp ước, quyền, luật.

• repeal = từ phổ biến hơn, dùng để bãi bỏ luật.

bác bỏ; dập tắt; hủy bỏ (quyết định)

quash (v) (formal)

1. The court quashed the conviction.
2. Police quickly quashed the riot.

cho nghỉ hưu; loại khỏi công việc

put sb out to grass (informal)

1. The club put the veteran striker out to grass.
2. He felt he had been put out to grass too early.

cứng rắn; không khoan nhượng

unyielding (A) (formal)

1. She remained unyielding despite the criticism.
2. The government adopted an unyielding stance

phế truất vua; đánh bại người đứng đầu

dethrone (v) (formal)

1. The king was dethroned after the revolution.
2. The champion was finally dethroned.

• overthrow = lật đổ chính phủ hoặc chế độ.

• dethrone = phế truất vua hoặc người đứng đầu.

một thành tích rất đáng tự hào

a real feather in your cap (informal)

1. Winning the scholarship was a real feather in her cap.
2. Publishing in Nature is a real feather in his cap.

có xu hướng; dễ

be apt to do something/be apt to be something (formal)

1. Children are apt to imitate adults.
2. Prices are apt to rise during inflation.

thuộc tim mạch

cardiological (A)
1. She underwent cardiological tests.
2. The hospital has a cardiological department.

cực kỳ rõ ràng

abundantly clear (formal)

1. It became abundantly clear that he was innocent.
2. The report made the risks abundantly clear.

bọ cánh cứng

beetle

1. A beetle crawled across the leaf.
2. Scientists discovered a rare beetle species.

có tương quan với

be correlated with

1. Obesity is correlated with diabetes.
2. Academic success is often correlated with study habits.

động vật có xương sống

vertebrate animal

1. Humans are vertebrate animals.
2. Fish are among the earliest vertebrate animals.

thuộc tế bào

cellular (A)

1. Cellular processes require energy.
2. Researchers studied cellular respiration.- hô hấp tế bào

thuộc phân tử

molecular

1. The disease has a molecular basis.
2. Scientists used molecular analysis.

có thể được kích hoạt/cảm ứng

inducible (A) (technical)

1. The gene is inducible under stress.
2. Researchers identified an inducible enzyme.

gây ra; có tính nguyên nhân

causative (A) (technical)

1. Scientists found the causative agent.
2. Smoking is a causative factor in lung cancer.

Medicinal substances are used to cure illnesses

medicinal

medicinal properties It is said that the spring water has medicinal properties.

for medicinal purposes I keep a bottle of brandy purely for medicinal purposes.

a quality in a substance or material, especially one that means that it can be used in a particular way

property (n)

One of the properties of copper is that it conducts heat and electricity very well.

We value herbs for their taste, but we forget that they also have medicinal properties.

phôi

embryo (plural: embryos)

1. The embryo developed normally.
2. Scientists observed mouse embryos.

→in embryo

ấu trùng

larva (plural larvae)

1. The butterfly begins life as a larva.
2. Each larva feeds on leaves

sâu bướm

caterpillar

1. A caterpillar turned into a butterfly.
2. Birds fed on the caterpillars.

làm bất động; vô hiệu hóa

immobilize (V) (formal)

1. The injury immobilized his leg.
2. Police immobilized the suspect.

giải ngũ; giải thể lực lượng

demobilize (V) (formal)

1. Thousands of soldiers were demobilized.
2. The army began to demobilize after the war.

• immobilize = làm không thể di chuyển hoặc hành động.

• deactivate = tắt hoặc vô hiệu hóa một thiết bị, hệ thống hoặc chức năng.

vô hiệu hóa; ngừng hoạt động

deactivate (V)

1. Please deactivate the alarm.
2. The device automatically deactivates after use.

mất giá; khấu hao; giảm giá trị

depreciate (v) Formal (economics/accounting)

1. Cars depreciate rapidly.
2. The currency depreciated against the dollar.

adj: gây khó chịu, xua đuổi;

noun: chất xua đuổi

repellent (n) (a)

The widespread use of highly repellent chemicals can undermine efforts to create a safer and more sustainable agricultural system.

Although the substance is highly effective as an insect repellent, its long-term ecological consequences remain unclear.

biện pháp/người/vật ngăn cản, răn đe

deterrent (n)

Stricter penalties could serve as a powerful deterrent to corporate malpractice.

Rather than acting as an effective deterrent, excessively harsh punishments may simply drive certain forms of crime underground.

sự lược bỏ/chỉnh sửa những phần bị cho là không phù hợp, đặc biệt khỏi sách/tác phẩm

expurgation (n)

The expurgation of controversial passages from historical texts can deprive students of a nuanced understanding of the past.

While some degree of expurgation may be justified in material intended for children, excessive censorship can undermine intellectual development.

sùng đạo, mộ đạo; rất tận tâm với niềm tin

devout (a)

For many devout believers, religious rituals provide a profound sense of identity and belonging.

Even in increasingly secular societies, devout communities continue to preserve traditions that might otherwise disappear.

một cách có chọn lọc

selectively (adv)

Environmental regulations that are selectively enforced are unlikely to bring about meaningful improvements in air quality.

Children should not be selectively exposed to information simply because adults consider certain subjects uncomfortable.

huyền bí, thần bí; mang tính tâm linh

mystical (A)

For some individuals, meditation is not merely a means of relaxation but a pathway to a mystical experience.

The region's mystical traditions have become an important component of its cultural identity and tourism industry.

thuộc về thần thoại; mang tính huyền thoại/không có thật

mythical (A)

The dragon occupies a prominent place in the country's folklore as a mythical creature symbolising power and prosperity.

Over time, the politician acquired an almost mythical status, despite having achieved relatively little in practical terms.

tưởng niệm, kỷ niệm

commemorate (v)

commemorate an event, commemorate the anniversary of,

Public monuments are often erected to commemorate those who sacrificed their lives during times of national crisis.

The annual ceremony commemorates the anniversary of the country's independence and reinforces a shared sense of national identity.

công nhận chính thức; cấp chứng nhận

accredit (V)

→internationally accredited

Students are increasingly advised to enrol in internationally accredited institutions, particularly when seeking qualifications recognised overseas.

Before enrolling, prospective students should verify whether the programme is accredited by a recognised educational authority.

tổ tiên; người đi trước có vai trò nền tảng

forefather (n)

Modern democracies owe much of their institutional framework to the political ideas developed by their forefathers.

While our forefathers could not have anticipated the digital revolution, many of the principles they established remain relevant today.

dòng dõi, tổ tiên, nguồn gốc gia đình

ancestry (N)

→trace one's ancestry, family ancestry, ancestral roots, of mixed ancestry

Advances in genetic testing have enabled individuals to trace their ancestry with unprecedented precision.

For immigrant communities, maintaining awareness of one's ancestry can strengthen cultural identity without necessarily undermining integration

người/vật đi trước, tiền thân

forgoer (N)

→a foregoer of, technological foregoer

The steam engine can be regarded as a technological foregoer of many forms of modern transportation.

These early experiments were foregoers of the sophisticated medical technologies that are now widely available.

nghi lễ, nghi thức, đặc biệt tôn giáo/văn hóa

rite(n)

→religious rites, funerary rites, rites of passage, traditional rites

Rites of passage play an important role in helping young people transition from childhood to adulthood.

Despite rapid modernisation, many communities continue to observe traditional rites as a means of preserving their cultural heritage.

strength, energy, or enthusiasm

strength of thought, opinion, expression, etc.

vigor (n)

They went to work with youthful vigor and enthusiasm.

He gave his side of the story with vigor.

The education system must be reformed with sufficient vigour to address widening inequalities in access to quality schooling.

The debate was conducted with considerable intellectual vigour, with both sides presenting compelling evidence.

sự kiên trì, bền bỉ

persistence (N)

Academic success is often determined less by innate ability than by persistence in the face of repeated setbacks.

Her remarkable persistence eventually enabled her to overcome the financial and social barriers that had initially hindered her education.

sự khăng khăng, nhất quyết yêu cầu

insistence (N)

→at sb's insistence, insistence on/upon, repeated insistence

At the insistence of environmental groups, the government commissioned an independent assessment of the proposed development.

His insistence on maintaining outdated regulations has prevented the industry from adapting to technological change.

mang tính nghi thức, máy móc theo nghi lễ

ritualistic (A)

→ritualistic behaviour, ritualistic practice, highly ritualistic

Some workplace practices have become so ritualistic that employees follow them without questioning their actual purpose.

Although ritualistic practices can strengthen social cohesion, they may become meaningless when performed without genuine understanding.

to talk or say something in a quick, confused, excited, or silly way

babble (V)

The children babbled excitedly among themselves.

She was babbling something about her ring being stolen.

lĩnh vực âm nhạc

musical sphere

Technological innovation has radically transformed the musical sphere, particularly in terms of how artists produce and distribute their work.

Women have made substantial contributions to the musical sphere, although gender disparities remain evident in some areas of the industry.

có khuynh hướng/bẩm chất dễ bị ảnh hưởng bởi điều gì

predisposed (A)

→be predisposed to, genetically predisposed to, predisposed towards

Individuals who are genetically predisposed to certain conditions may benefit from early screening and preventive measures.

Children raised in highly competitive environments may become predisposed to perfectionism and excessive self-criticism.

sự phát triển sớm, đặc biệt về trí tuệ

precocity (N)

→intellectual precocity, remarkable precocity, childhood precocity

Intellectual precocity does not necessarily guarantee long-term academic success, as persistence and emotional maturity are equally important.

The child's remarkable precocity attracted considerable attention, although educators cautioned against placing excessive pressure on her.

thần đồng

prodigy (n)

→child prodigy, musical prodigy, mathematical prodigy, young prodigy

The emergence of a musical prodigy often attracts enormous media attention, which can place considerable psychological pressure on the child.

Being recognised as a child prodigy may open doors to elite institutions, but it can also create unrealistic expectations for future achievement.

nơi trú ẩn; nơi an toàn/yên bình

haven (N)

→a safe haven, a peaceful haven, a haven for, seek refuge in

Urban parks can provide a much-needed haven from the noise, congestion and psychological pressures of modern city life.

The island has become a haven for endangered species following decades of conservation efforts.

đặc điểm tiêu biểu, dấu hiệu đặc trưng

hallmark (N)

→a hallmark of, the hallmark of quality, distinctive hallmark

Critical thinking is widely regarded as a hallmark of a high-quality education.

Transparency and accountability should be the hallmarks of any effective public institution

rợn người, kinh hãi

bloodcurdling(a)

→bloodcurdling scream, bloodcurdling cry, bloodcurdling sound

The documentary opens with a bloodcurdling account of the violence experienced by civilians during the conflict.

The witness reported hearing a bloodcurdling scream shortly before the emergency services arrived.

rình rập, ẩn nấp; tồn tại âm thầm

lurk (v)

→lurk in the shadows, danger lurks, lurking threat, lurking beneath the surface

A number of hidden risks still lurk beneath the surface of the rapidly expanding digital economy.

Although the immediate crisis appears to have been resolved, a more serious threat may still lurk in the background.

sự phân hủy/thối rữa thực phẩm

food decomposition

Refrigeration significantly slows food decomposition by inhibiting the growth of microorganisms responsible for spoilage.

Improper food storage can accelerate decomposition, increasing both food waste and the risk of foodborne illness.

có đủ mọi hình dạng, kích cỡ; có rất nhiều dạng khác nhau

come in all shapes and sizes

Learning opportunities come in all shapes and sizes, ranging from formal university courses to informal online programmes.

Families come in all shapes and sizes, and public policy should reflect this diversity rather than promoting a single model of family life.