Lecture Notes - CO₂ Transport in Human Anatomy & Physiology

These flashcards cover key concepts related to CO₂ transport, oxygen dissociation, the Bohr effect, and associated physiological mechanisms.

The relationship of PO2 to hemoglobin saturation is shown in the __.

O2 - Hb dissociation curve.

Factors influencing O2-Hb saturation include blood pH, temperature, and __ amount of CO₂ present.

PCO₂.

The Bohr Effect explains the relationship between blood pH and __'s affinity for hemoglobin.

oxygen.

Decreased pH in capillary blood leads to __ of O2 from hemoglobin.

more unloading.

Bicarbonate ions in plasma account for approximately __ of CO₂ transport.

70%.

Erythrocytes contain an enzyme called __, which helps convert CO2 and water into carbonic acid.

Carbonic Anhydrase.

Chloride Shift refers to the exchange of __ and bicarbonate ions to maintain electrical balance in erythrocytes.

chloride.

In the lungs, the reverse chemical reaction occurs due to __ PCO₂ levels.

lower.

The Haldane Effect describes the relationship between the partial pressure of oxygen and hemoglobin's affinity for __.

carbon dioxide.

Eupnea is defined as __ breathing at a resting state.

quiet.

Hyperventilation results in __ blood oxygen levels and low carbon dioxide levels.

abnormally high.

Hypoventilation leads to __ blood oxygen levels and high carbon dioxide levels.

abnormally low.

The factor that causes more oxygen to dissociate from hemoglobin in the tissues is __.

increased CO2 levels.

The normal pH of blood that is most effective for O2 binding is around __.

7.4.

Bicarbonate is formed primarily in __ after carbon dioxide diffuses into the capillaries.

erythrocytes.

The reaction CO2 + H2O → H2CO3 is facilitated by __.

carbonic anhydrase.

Carbaminohemoglobin refers to carbon dioxide that is __ to hemoglobin.

chemically bound.

The __ effect describes how hemoglobin binds less CO2 when saturated with oxygen.

Haldane.

Increased temperature in the blood causes __ of O2 from hemoglobin.

more release.

Chloride ions are exchanged for bicarbonate ions during the __ shift.

Chloride.

The percentage of CO2 transport that is dissolved in plasma is around __.

7 to 10%.

During CO2 unloading at the lungs, bicarbonate ions diffuse __ the erythrocyte.

into.

A decrease in blood pH results in __ affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen.

decreased.

Hyperpnea is defined as __ respiratory rate to match metabolic demand.

increased.

The production of bicarbonate begins when CO2 __ into the capillaries.

diffuses.

The __ effect leads to more CO2 unloading as O2 is being used.

Bohr.

Blood pH that promotes maximum binding of oxygen to hemoglobin is around __.

7.4.

Bicarbonate and hydrogen ions (H+) are produced when carbon dioxide reacts with __.

water.

Factors that decrease affinity of hemoglobin for O2 include low pH and __ temperature.

high.

During CO2 loading at tissues, the chemical reaction produces __ and bicarbonate ions.

hydrogen.

The overall effect of the Bohr and Haldane effects is to enhance __ exchange.

gas.

__ is a term used to describe the normal resting respiratory rate and depth.

Eupnea.