Local Anesthetics Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards based on Chapter 10 of lecture notes on local anesthetics.

1800’s

Cocaine was the first local anesthetic used in the _____

Ester

A topical local anesthetic, metabolized in the blood, and carries a high allergy risk.

Amide

A local anesthetic that is injected, metabolized in the liver, and carries a low allergy risk.

Action Potential

sodium ions rush in through voltage-gated channels, depolarizing the cell. Local anesthetic block this process.

Vasoconstrictor

A drug that constricts blood vessels, prolonging the duration of local anesthetics, reducing toxicity, and reducing bleeding.

Non-ionized Drug

The form a drug must be in to penetrate a cell membrane.

Infection

Lowers pH, increases ionization, and reduces anesthetic effectiveness

Lidocaine & Prilocaine

Category B local anesthetics

Lidocaine

Most advised local anesthetic

Vasoconstrictor, sodium bisulfide, sodium chloride, & sodium hydroxide.

Components of local anesthetic.

Articaine

A local anesthetic that has a red band as designated by the ADA and can produce methemoglobinemia.

Methemoglobinemia

A blood disorder in which an abnormal amount of methemoglobin is produced, reducing the oxygen available to tissues.

Methylene Blue

The reversal agent for methemoglobinemia.

0.2 mg (11 cartridges of 1:100,000 epi)

The maximum dose of Epinephrine for a healthy patient

0.04 mg (2 cartridges).

The maximum dose for a medically compromised patient

Carpule Volume

1.8 ml

Benzocaine

The most commonly used topical anesthetic.

Lidocaine (Topical)

The second most used topical anesthetic.

An ester with low solubility means low systemic toxicity

Why is benzodiazepine a safe topical?

Liver Disease, asthma, tricyclic antidepressants, & beta-blocks.

A health issue to be aware of regarding local anesthetics and drug interactions

Epinephrine in Cardiovascular Disease

Localizes anesthetic and reduces bleeding.

Risks Without Epinephrine

More bleeding, increased systemic absorption, increased risk of toxicity & endogenous epi spike.

Xylocaine

Brand name for Lidocaine.

Cabocaine

Brand name for Mepivacaine.

Citanest

Brand name for Prilocaine.

Septocaine

Brand name for Articaine

Marcaine

Brand name for bupivacaine