CSP TEST (Big Idea 2)

Which of these values can be stored in a single bit?
A. 0
B. 11
C. [0,1,0]
D. 4

A. 0

Why?
A bit can store one of two values, either 0 or 1.

How many values can a binary digit store?
A. A binary digit can store one of two values (0 or 1).
B. A binary digit can store ten values at a time.
C. A binary digit can store one of ten values (0-9).
D. A binary digit can store two values at a time.

A. A binary digit can store one of two values (0 or 1).

Why?
A binary digit can either store 0 or 1.

Consider this sequence of bits:
1011001010010010
How many bytes long is that sequence of bits?
A. 16
B. 2
C. 4
D. 8

B. 2

When writing binary data, we often put a space between each byte to make it easier for humans to read.
Consider this binary data:
1011011010110001
Which option puts a space after each byte?
A. 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1
B. 10110110 10110001
C. 10 11 01 10 10 11 00 01
D. 1011 0110 1011 0001

B. 10110110 10110001

Why?
A byte is 888 bits and a bit is a binary digit that stores either 000 or 111. This choice correctly puts a space after every 888 bits.

Which of these lists correctly orders the binary numbers from smallest to largest?
A. 0001010100010101, 000100010001000100010001, 001001110010011100100111, 0100100001001000

B. 000100010001000100010001, 000101010001010100010101, 001001110010011100100111, 0100100001001000

C. 0001000100010001, 001001110010011100100111, 000101010001010100010101, 0100100001001000

D. 0001000100010001, 000101010001010100010101, 010010000100100001001000, 0010011100100111

B. 000100010001000100010001, 000101010001010100010101, 001001110010011100100111, 0100100001001000

Which of these lists correctly counts from 1 to 5 in binary?
A. 0001, 0010, 0100, 0011, 0101
B. 0001, 0010, 0101, 0100, 0011
C. 0001, 0010, 0011, 0101, 0100
D. 0001, 0010, 0011, 0100, 0101
E. 0001, 0010, 0100, 0101, 0011

D. 0001, 0010, 0011, 0100, 0101

Consider a computer that uses 4 bits to represent positive integers and uses all 4 bits to represent the value.
Which of the following operations would result in integer overflow?
A. 1+14
B. 15+1
C. 4x4
D. 3x3
E. 6+1

F.15×1

B. 15+1
C. 4x4

Why?
B. In a 4-bit system that uses all bits to represent the value, the highest decimal number that can be represented is 151515. This expression results in 161616, so it would result in integer overflow.
C. In a 4-bit system that uses all bits to represent the value, the highest decimal number that can be represented is 151515. This expression results in 161616, so it would result in integer overflow.

However, because of a bug in the design of the axle counter logic, a train that has exactly 256 axles will result in a count of 0, and its existence will be ignored. Thus, trains that run on these buggy railways must have less than 256 axles.
What is the most likely cause of this bug?
A. Integer overflow error
B. Limited precision floating-point numbers
C. Round-off error in floating-point arithmetic
D. Incorrect use of integer instead of floating-point representation

A. Integer overflow error

A programmer is designing a computer program for a weather application that will use a variety of data sources. They want to understand which data sources are analog so that they can think carefully about the process of converting analog data into digital data.
Which of these data sources is analog?
A. The predicted inches of snowfall on a winter day for each city in New York
B. Thirty seconds of sounds from a thunderstorm in Miami, Florida
C. Two years of weekly high temperatures for Houston, Texas

D. The daily time of sunrise and sunset in Detroit, Michigan

B. Thirty seconds of sounds from a thunderstorm in Miami, Florida

A musician decides to make a digital recording of their concert to share it with fans who cannot attend the concert in person.
What is true about the process of converting the concert's audio waves into a digital recording?
A. If the recording equipment uses a very small sampling interval, the digital recording will be a very good representation but will not contain every detail.

B. B
In order for the digital recording to be a more accurate representation of the concert, the recording should use fewer bits to represent each sample.

C. To capture the most amount of details in the digital recording of the concert, the recording process must take samples at the largest interval possible.

D. As long as the musician purchases a computer with enough storage capacity, the digital recording can record every detail of the original analog data

A. If the recording equipment uses a very small sampling interval, the digital recording will be a very good representation but will not contain every detail.

Byte pair encoding is a compression algorithm that replaces repeated pairs of characters in a string with a character that isn't in the data, and creates a table of replacement mappings.
Here's a quote from Dr. Seuss:
"Think left and think right and think low and think high. Oh, the thinks you can think up if only you try!"
Which of the following character pairs would the algorithm replace?

A. in

D. th

Merlin has a file with his favorite wizard spell:
ABRACADABRA ALAKAZAM
In a standard uncompressed representation, each letter would likely be represented with its ASCII encoding (A as 0100 0001, B as 0100 0010, etc.)
The Huffman coding compression algorithm reduces the amount of bits required to represent data by choosing new bit codes for each source symbol, and choosing short codes for the most frequent source symbols.
If the computer applies Huffman coding to the wizard spell, which letter is the most likely to be represented with a shorter bit code?
A. A
B. B
C. R
D. K

A. A

Consider these files:
A 3-second audio recording of a baby's first word.
A 30-second video recording of a baby's first steps.
Is it possible for the 30-second video recording to have a smaller file size than the 3-second audio recording?
A. Yes, but only if the 30-second video is recorded with a smartphone.
B. Yes, but only if the 30-second video is saved using a patented standard.
C. Yes, if the 30-second video is compressed with a lossy compression algorithm

D. No, the 30-second video will always take up more space than a 3-second audio recording.

C. Yes, if the 30-second video is compressed with a lossy compression algorithm.

Nora is learning to use image-editing applications and doesn't understand when to lower the quality setting for JPEG saving.
What's a good use case for using a lower quality setting?
A. Saving photos that you want to print out and frame
B. Saving a photo of a textbook for easy reading offline
C. Saving a photo of a multi-line bar graph with small text labels
D. Saving a thumbnail that will link to a full-sized version

D. Saving a thumbnail that will link to a full-sized version

Why?
A thumbnail does not need to have all the original details since the goal is to give someone an idea of the original photo, which they can then click to see. This is a great use case for low-quality compression.

A startup is developing a new web browser with a focus on accessibility for visually impaired users.
The startup founder is considering the benefits and drawbacks of releasing the code online under an open-source license.
What would be a consequence of releasing the code with an open-source license?
A. The startup would be giving up their exclusive rights and the code would be free of copyright restrictions.
B. Other companies would be able to use the code inside their software and could license their version of the code under an open-source license.
C. The startup would not be able to make money by selling the browser.
D. Other companies and individuals would be able to view and use the code according to the open-source license conditions.

D. Other companies and individuals would be able to view and use the code according to the open-source license conditions.

A scientist is researching the effects of magnesium supplements on depression and is considering whether to publish the research in a conventional journal or an open-access journal.
In terms of access, who would benefit the least from the decision to publish in an open-access journal?
A. A high school mental health counselor
B. A layperson with a history of depression
C. A researcher at a top-tier university
D. A doctor in a developing country

C. A researcher at a top-tier university

Consider this sequence of bits:
010101010011001101001011 000001011000000100111100 011001011000001010010111 010111110001000111100111 010110110010011010111000
What is true about this binary data?

This sequence of bits might represent a number, an English word, or a Chinese word.

What is true about the process of converting analog data into digital data?

Regardless of the sampling interval used, the digital version can never contain as much detail as the original analog data.

You decide to design a clock that shows all the numbers in binary.
What's the least number of bits that you'll need to represent the current minute (0-59) in binary?

6

In the classic arcade game Donkey Kong, the code calculates the time allowed per level by multiplying the current level by 10 and adding 40. On level 22, that calculated time is 260. However, the game displays a time of 4 instead of 260.
It is impossible for anyone to complete the level in just 4 seconds, so no player ever makes it past level 22.
What is the most likely cause of the level 22 bug?

Integer overflow error

Which diagram best represents the relationship between the Internet and the World Wide Web?

Internet in world wide web

A photographer manipulates an image by lightening each RGB value by adding 20. What type of transformation is the photographer using?

Lossless transformation

What is true about data compression?

There are trade-offs involved in choosing a compression technique for storing and transmitting data.

What best describes the result of using 64-bit integers instead of 32-bit integers in a website (that counts how many times a video is played)?

2^32 times as many values can be represented

What are units of bytes in ascending order?

KB, GB, TB

A compression scheme may use long strings of bits (called run-length) which can be uncompressed back into its original binary state. What type of compression is this?

Lossless compression

A MP3 audio compression may identify and remove frequencies that cannot be heard by humans while keeping the file sounding the same as the original. What type of compression is this?

Lossy compression

How many times bigger (in bytes) is a MB than a KB?

1,000 times bigger

What is not a scenario in which you would need a computer program that analyzes and searches for patterns in data?

B (A video hosting site to analyze the views for all videos and create a list of the top ten most viewed videos.)

What is not a reason to represent a large data set in a visualization?

B (A visualization will always represent all of the data without obscuring the meaning of the data set)

Which statements are true when dealing with huge quantities of information?

i. Storing large quantities of data over the internet poses a data access challenge.
ii. Analyzing large quantities of data requires significant computational power.
iii. Algorithms used to process large quantities of data tend to be very sophisticated

D (I, II, & III)

Why would an engineer design stereos and mixing boards showing where sound levels are when music is being played?

A (Visuals can communicate information about data)

What is the least threatening to the security of corporate data?

D (Computer network disruptions)

Why may a website restrict the size of files shared by high schools below a certain size?

B (To minimize storage on their webserver)

What is an example of metadata in a letter?

C (The envelope, containing addresses, a stamp, and a postmark)

What is not a trade-off that needs to be considered in the AWS platform, which makes it easier for other companies to establish a web presence?

D (Location of where data is held)

The following information is summarized and stored in a publicly available movie purchase database.

i. The day and date each movie was purchased
ii. The title of each movie purchased
iii. The cities where subscribers purchased each movie
iv. The number of times each movie was purchased by subscribers in a given city

What CANNOT be determined using only the information in the database?

The number of movies purchased by an individual subscriber for a particular month

A social media site contains the following metadata:

i. The time the message was posted
ii. The name of the user who posted the message
iii. The names of any users who comment on the message and the times the comments were made

What goal would be more useful to analyze the data instead of the metadata?

To determine the topics that many users are posting about

For each wild animal wearing tracking collars, the following geolocation data is collected at frequent intervals:

i. The time
ii. The date
iii. The location of the animal

What question about a particular animal can not be answered with the data?

Do the movement patterns of the animal vary according to the weather?

A photographer is manipulating a digital image and overwriting the original image. Which of the following describes a lossless transformation of the digital image?

Creating the negative of an image by creating a new RGB triplet for each pixel in which each value is calculated by subtracting the original value from 255. The negative of an image is reversed from the original;light areas appear dark, and colors are reversed.

Which of the following is considered an unethical use of computer resources?

Purchasing a single-user copy of photo editing software and installing it on all computers in a computer lab

A programmer is writing a software application about birds that will use a variety of data sources. They want to understand which data sources are analog so that they can think carefully about the process of converting the analog data into digital data.

Which of the following can be represented by analog data?

1. The altitude of a bird as it flies through the sky
2. The average length of the songs sung by a particular bird

3. The number of reported sightings of a particular bird species in each zip code
4. A list of birds that are most commonly seen in a particular park

1. The altitude of a bird as it flies through the sky

Which type of data compression guarantees a complete reconstruction of the original data?

1. Lossy
2. Lossless
3. Neither
4. 1&2

2. Lossless

How many Bytes are in this sequence?

100101110011010010110010

1. 2
2. 3
3. 24
4. 18

2. 3

Which file type is lossy compressed sound?
A) mp4
B) mp3
C) wav
D) wma

B

Which type of compression do zip files use?
A) Lossy
B) Lossless
C) Non-compressed
D) max-compressed

B

A programmer is writing a program that is intended to be able to process large amounts of data. Which of the following considerations is LEAST likely to affect the ability of the program to process larger data sets?
A) How long the program takes to run
B) How much memory the program requires as it runs
C) How many programming statements the program contains
D) How much storage space the program requires as it runs

C

A student is recording a song on her computer. When the recording is finished, she saves a copy on her computer. The student notices that the saved copy is of lower sound quality than the original recording. Which of the following could be a possible explanation for the difference in sound quality?
A) The song was saved using fewer bits per second than the original song.
B) The song was saved using more bits per second than the original song.
C) The song was saved using a lossless compression technique.
D) Some information is lost every time a file is saved from one location on a computer to another location

A

Consider the following numbers: Binary 1100, Decimal 11, Hexadecimal D. Which letter shows the number's order from least to greatest?
A) Binary 1100, Decimal 11, Hexadecimal D
B) Decimal 11, Binary 1100, Hexadecimal D
C) Decimal 11, Hexadecimal D, Binary 1100
D) Hexadecimal D, Decimal 11, Binary 1100

B

An online store uses 6-bit binary sequences to identify each unique item for sale. The store plans to increase the number of items it sells and is considering using 7-bit binary sequences. Which of the following best describes the result of using 7-bit sequences instead of 6-bit sequences?
A) 2 more items can be uniquely identified.
B) 10 more items can be uniquely identified.
C) 2 times as many items can be uniquely identified.
D) 10 times as many items can be uniquely identified

C

What is the best explanation for why digital data is represented in computers in binary?

A) The binary number system is the only system flexible enough to allow for representing data other than numbers.
B) As a consequence of history: early pioneers of computing were making secret codes in binary, and this simply evolved into modern computing.
C) It's impossible to build a computing machine that uses anything but binary to represent numbers

D) It's easier, cheaper, and more reliable to build machines and devices that only have to distinguish between binary states.

D

Which of the following classifies as metadata about a webpage?
A) The tags that make up the body of the webpage
B) A table on a webpage
C) A list on a webpage
D) The title of the webpage

D

Which of the following is true of lossy and lossless compression algorithms?

A. Lossy compression algorithms are used when perfect reconstruction of the original data is important.
B. Lossy compression algorithms are typically better than lossless compression algorithms at reducing the number of bits needed to represent a piece of data.
C. Lossless compression algorithms are only used to compress text data.
D. Lossless compression algorithms only allow for an approximate reconstruction of the original data.

B. Lossy compression algorithms are typically better than lossless compression algorithms at reducing the number of bits needed to represent a piece of data.

How many total numbers can be represented with an 8-bit binary (base-2) system?

A. 127
B. 128
C. 255
D. 256

D.256

Which of the following binary (base-2) numbers is LARGEST?

A. 11000000
B. 01111111
C. 00000001
D. 10111111

A. 11000000

Convert the decimal (base-10) number 20 to binary (base-2).
A. 10010
B. 00101
C. 11000
D. 10100

D.10100

Your computer uses 4 bits to represent decimal numbers (0, 1, 2, 3 and so on) in binary. What is the SMALLEST number for which an overflow error occurs?

A. 14
B. 15
C. 16
D. 17

16

(2.1) Which of the following are true statements about the data that can be represented using binary sequences?

I. Binary sequences can be used to represent strings of characters.

II. Binary sequences can be used to represent colors.

III. Binary sequences can be used to represent audio recordings.

A

I only

B

I and II only

C

II and III only

D

I, II, and III

D

I, II, and III

(2.1) The position of a runner in a race is a type of analog data. The runner’s position is tracked using sensors. Which of the following best describes how the position of the runner is represented digitally?

A

The position of the runner is determined by calculating the time difference between the start and the end of the race and making an estimation based on the runner’s average speed.

B

The position of the runner is measured and rounded to either 0 or 1 depending on whether the runner is closer to the starting line or closer to the finish line.

C

The position of the runner is predicted using a model based on performance data captured from previous races.

D

The position of the runner is sampled at regular intervals to approximate the real-word position, and a sequence of bits is used to represent each sample.

D

The position of the runner is sampled at regular intervals to approximate the real-word position, and a sequence of bits is used to represent each sample.

(2.1) Consider the following numeric values.

Binary 1011

Binary 1101

Decimal 5

Decimal 12

Which of the following lists the values in order from least to greatest?

A

Decimal 5, binary 1011, decimal 12, binary 1101

B

Decimal 5, decimal 12, binary 1011, binary 1101

C

Decimal 5, binary 1011, binary 1101, decimal 12

D

Binary 1011, binary 1101, decimal 5, decimal 12

A

Decimal 5, binary 1011, decimal 12, binary 1101

(2.2) Which of the following is an advantage of a lossless compression algorithm over a lossy compression algorithm?

A

A lossless compression algorithm can guarantee that compressed information is kept secure, while a lossy compression algorithm cannot.

B

A lossless compression algorithm can guarantee reconstruction of original data, while a lossy compression algorithm cannot.

C

A lossless compression algorithm typically allows for faster transmission speeds than does a lossy compression algorithm.

D

A lossless compression algorithm typically provides a greater reduction in the number of bits stored or transmitted than does a lossy compression algorithm.

B

A lossless compression algorithm can guarantee reconstruction of original data, while a lossy compression algorithm cannot.

(2.2) A user wants to save a data file on an online storage site. The user wants to reduce the size of the file, if possible, and wants to be able to completely restore the file to its original version. Which of the following actions best supports the user’s needs?

A

Compressing the file using a lossless compression algorithm before uploading it

B

Compressing the file using a lossy compression algorithm before uploading it

C

Compressing the file using both lossy and lossless compression algorithms before uploading it

D

Uploading the original file without using any compression algorithm

A

Compressing the file using a lossless compression algorithm before uploading i

(2.2) A programmer is developing software for a social media platform. The programmer is planning to use compression when users send attachments to other users. Which of the following is a true statement about the use of compression?

A

Lossless compression of video files will generally save more space than lossy compression of video files.

B

Lossless compression of an image file will generally result in a file that is equal in size to the original file.

C

Lossy compression of an image file generally provides a greater reduction in transmission time than lossless compression does.

D

Sound clips compressed with lossy compression for storage on the platform can be restored to their original quality when played

C

Lossy compression of an image file generally provides a greater reduction in transmission time than lossless compression does.

Which data compression technique provides the most compression?
(A) Lossy
(B) Lossless
(C) Filtering
(D) Classification

(A) Lossy

Why is analyzing data with computers important?
(A) To identify patterns that humans cannot see
(B) To increase the viability of server farms
(C) To verify existing solutions to problems
(D) To test due diligence

(A) To identify patterns that humans cannot see

What is the number system used by computers?
(A) Base 10 (decimal)
(B) Base 8 (octal)
(C) Base 2 (binary)
(D) Base 16 (hexadecimal)

C) Base 2 (binary)

When does an overflow error occur?
(A) When the computer runs out of memory to store program instructions
(B) When the flow of binary digits reaches a broken pathway and cannot arrive at its destination
(C) When an integer requires more bits to represent it than the programming language provides
(D) When the numerator in a calculation is larger than the denominator

(C) When an integer requires more bits to represent it than the programming language provides

What is information about the author of a document considered to be?
(A) Metadata
(B) Content
(C) Context
(D) Mididata

(A) Metadata

What is the amount of data compression an algorithm can produce reliant upon?
(A) No repeating parts of the file being compressed
(B) Several patterns in the data
(C) A large file size
(D) A small file size

B) Several patterns in the data

The letter "M" is represented by 01001101 in binary. What is this in decimal?
(A) 414
(B) 76
(C) 77
(D) 1101

(C) 77

Metadata is used to
(A) provide updates to the data
(B) help find and organize data
(C) brand the data
(D) sort the data

(B) help find and organize data

When is sampling needed?
(A) Sampling is used to store analog data.
(B) Sampling is used to approximate real-world data.
(C) Sampling is used when converting from digital data to analog data.
(D) Sampling is used when converting from analog data to digital data.

(D) Sampling is used when converting from analog data to digital data.

An example of metadata about sea turtle nests could be
(A) number of eggs in the nest
(B) location of the nest
(C) number of incubation days
(D) tracking number assigned to the nest

(D) tracking number assigned to the nest

Data compression algorithms are used when the data
(A) needs to be shared with a large number of people
(B) is used for cryptography to keep data secure
(C) is too large to send in a timely manner
(D) needs to be sent a large physical distance away

(C) is too large to send in a timely manner

Your program is comparing temperatures to determine how many patients have a fever. Your selection statement's condition is not working correctly when the variable patient_temp is 98.6. What could be one reason why?

IF (patient_temp = 98.6)

(A) The format is incorrect for this test.
(B) A round-off error occurred.
(C) An overflow error occurred.
(D) The test condition is invalid.

(B) A round-off error occurred.

What order should these be in to go from smallest to largest?
1. Binary—01110111
2. Decimal—111
3. Binary—01111011

(A) 1, 2, 3
(B) 2, 1, 3
(C) 3, 1, 2
(D) 3, 2, 1

(B) 2, 1, 3

Occasionally a teacher is faced with a situation where a student is handing in an assignment that is suspected of not being genuine. If a teacher suspects that a
student has submitted an assignment that they did not generate, they have the option of using metadata to verify the origin of the file.
Which of the following could be used as metadata to determine the origin of a file?
I. Author of the file
II. IP address where file was made
III. Date created

I and III only