Exam 1

energy stores

Uses the ________ in an ionic electrochemical gradient; consumes ATP indirectly.

lipid bilayer

A solute moves across the ________ aided by a chennel protein or carrier protein.

internal energy

Heat transferred out of the body and work done by the body remove ________ while food intake replaces it.

Glucose

________ reacts with oxygen and produces ATP.

Electrical

________ (changes in the membrane potential of the cell) and Chemical (secreted by cells into ECF and are responsible for most communication.

pure solvent

The pressure applied to a(n) ________ to prevent it from passing intoa given solution by osmosis.

lifeless molecules

Generated by the interaction among ________ at each successive level of organization.

semipermeable membrane

A process in which molecules of a solvent tend to pass through ________ from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one.

Transfers

________ electrons and are strong, ex Lithium Chloride.

himalayan rabbits

Each of two or more enxymes with identical function but different structure, ex siamese cats and ________ have a specific isozyme that is heat sensitive.

number of neutrons

They differ in the ________ and have a different atomic mass.

osmotic pressure

A point at which ________ of the solutions on each side of the membrane becomes equal.

enzyme catalyzed reaction

For a reaction in equilibrium the direction of a(n) ________ depends on the change in free energy.

What is the definition of Physiology

the study of the functions of an organism and its constituent parts; study of the normal functioning

What is the definition of Physiology?

the study of the functions of an organism and its constituent parts; study of the normal functioning

What is Homeostasis?

Keeping internal environment stable

What does emergent properties mean?

Generated by the interaction among lifeless molecules at each successive level of organization

What are anions?

Negatively charged atoms

What are cations?

Positively charged atoms

What is an atomic number?

The number of protons

What is an atomic mass?

The mass of protons and neutrons

How do isotopes differ?

They differ in the number of neutrons and have a different atomic mass

What are independent variables?

Experimenter manipulated and does not depend on other variables

What are dependent variables?

Measure variables and depend on other variables

What are ionic bonds with examples?

Transfers electrons and are strong, ex Lithium Chloride

What are covalent bonds with examples?

Shares electrons and are the strongest, ex Nitrogen

What are hydrogen bonds for example?

Bonds with hydrogen and are weak, ex Water

What is hydrophilic?

Dissolves in water and is polar

What is hydrophobic?

Does not dissolve in water and is nonpolar

What is pH?

expresses acidity

What is a pH below 7 considered with an example?

Acidic, ex Lemon juice

What is a pH at 7 considered with an example?

Neutral, ex Water

What is a pH above 7 considered with an example?

Basic, ex Bleach

What are proteins?

Has 20 amino acids and four levels of protein structure

What are Lipids?

Made of carbon and hydrogen and are structurally diverse

What are Fats?

A subgroup of lipids

What are carbohydrates?

The most abundant and are made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

What are nucleic acids?

Transmits and stores information

What are nucleotides?

Forms the basic structural unit, ex DNA

What is extracellular fluid?

The internal environment of the body

What is intracellular fluid?

Where most of the fluid in the body is contained

How does pH and temperature affect proteins?

When temperature of pH rise, protein concentration does the same and vice versa

What are exergonic reactions?

Energy is released

What are endergonic reactions?

Energy is absorbed

What is an isozyme with an example?

Each of two or more enzymes with identical function but different structure, ex siamese cats and himalayan rabbits have a specific isozyme that is heat sensitive

What is the first law of thermodynamics related to metabolism?

Heat transferred out of the body and work done by the body remove internal energy while food intake replaces it

What is the second law of thermodynamics related to metabolism?

For a reaction in equilibrium the direction of an enzyme catalyzed reaction depends on the change in free energy

What is the Law of mass action?

the rate of the chemical reaction is directly proportional to the product of the masses of the reacting substances

How many ATPs are produced with anaerobic conditions?

2 ATP molecules

How many ATPS are produced with aerobic conditions?

38 ATP molecules

What is the process of creating ATP in an anaerobic condition?

a glucose molecule is broken down into pyruvate molecules, releasing electrons in the process and producing ATP

What is the process of creating ATP in anaerobic condition?

glucose reacts with oxygen and produces ATP

What is chemical disequilibrium?

The coexistence of two or more incompatible species

What is electrical disequilibrium?

The uneven distribution of ions between ICF and ECF

What is osmotic equilibrium?

A point at which osmotic pressure of the solutions on each side of the membrane becomes equal

What is osmotic pressure?

The pressure applied to a pure solvent to prevent it from passing into a given solution by osmosis

What is osmosis?

A process in which molecules of a solvent tend to pass through semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one

What does extracellular fluid distribute?

Sodium and calcium

What does intracellular fluid distribute?

Potassium

What is a concentration gradient?

A difference in concentration of a chemical from one place to another

What is Fick’s law?

The molar flux due to diffusion is proportional to the concentration gradient?

What is the equation for the rate of diffusion?

Surface area x concentration gradient x membrane permeability / membrane thickness

What is simple diffusion?

a solute moves across the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane without the help of membrane transport proteins

What is facilitated diffusion?

A solute moves across the lipid bilayer aided by a channel protein or carrier protein

What is primary active transport?

Sodium potassium pump - For every ATP molecule that the pump uses, three sodium ions are exported and two potassium ions are imported

What is secondary active transport?

Uses the energy stores in an ionic electrochemical gradient; consumes ATP indirectly

What is isosmotic?

Same osmolarity as another solution

What is hyperosmotic?

Has a higher osmolarity than another solution

What is Hyposmotic?

Has a lower osmolarity than another solution

What is Osmolarity?

a measure of the total number of dissolved particles per liter of solution

What is tonicity?

a measure of solutions ability to change the volume of cells by altering their water content

What is isotonic?

Has equal tension or tonicity

What is hypertonic?

Has higher osmotic pressure than a particular fluid

What is hypotonic?

Has lower osmotic pressure than a particular fluid

What are the two types of physiological communication in cells?

Electrical (changes in the membrane potential of the cell) and Chemical (secreted by cells into ECF and are responsible for most communication

What are the 3 methods of cell communication?

Gap junctions, extracellular fluid and cell-to-cell binding

What are Cannon’s four Postulates of homeostatic control?

1. The nervous system works to preserve conditions that are compatible with normal organismal function
2. Many systems maintain a tonic level of activity
3. Systems that are not under tonic control are usually under antagonistic control, either by hormones or the nervous system
4. The same chemical signal can have different effects in different tissues in the body depending on the type of receptor present

Teacher: Tonic control, antagonistic control, nervous regulation of internal environment and one chemical signal can have different effects in different tissues

What is tonic control?

Permits the activity of the organ system to be modulated (either up or down). This is like the volume control on a radio which enables you to make the sound louder or softer by turning a single knob.

Regulates physiological parameters in an up

What is antagonistic control?

Controls heart rate, ex insulin and glucagon

Google: In antagonistic control we find an input sequence that maximizes (or at least makes large) an objective that is minimized in typical control.