Exam 1
What is the definition of Physiology? - the study of the functions of an organism and its constituent parts; study of the normal functioning
What is Homeostasis? - Keeping internal environment stable
What does emergent properties mean? - Generated by the interaction among lifeless molecules at each successive level of organization. An emergent property is a characteristic an entity gains when it becomes part of a bigger system.
What are anions? - Negatively charged atoms
What are cations? - Positvely charged atoms
What is an atomic number? - The number of protons
What is an atomic mass? - The mass of protons and neutrons
How do isotopes differ? - They differ in the number of neutrons and have a different atomic mass
What are independent variables? - Experimenter maniupulated and does not dpend on other variables
What are dependent variables? - Measure variables and depend on other variables
What are ionic bonds with example? - Transfers electrons and are strong, ex Lithium Chloride
What are covalent bonds with example? - Shares electrons and are the strongest, ex Nitrogen
What are hydrogen bonds with example? - Bonds with hydrogen and are weak, ex Water
What is hydrophilic? Dissolves in water and is polar
What is hydrophobic? Does not dissolve in water and is nonpolar
What is pH? - expresses acidity
What is a pH below 7 considered with an example? - Acidic, ex Lemon juice
What is a pH at 7 considered with an example? - Neutral, ex Water
What is a pH above 7 considered with an example? - Basic, ex Bleach
What are proteins? - Has 20 amino acids and four levels of protein structure
What are Lipids? - Made of carbon and hydrogen and are structurally diverse
What are Fats? - A subgroup of lipids
What are carbohydrates? - The most abundant and are made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
What are nucleic acids? - Transmits and stores information
What are nucleotides? - Forms the basic structural unit, ex DNA
What is extracellular fluid? - The internal environment of the body
What is intracellular fluid? - Where most of the fluid in the body is contained
How does pH and temperature affect proteins? - When temperature of pH rise, protein concentration does the same and vice versa
What are exergonic reactions? - Energy is released
What are endergonic reactions? - Energy is absorbed
What is an isozyme with example? - Each of two or more enxymes with identical function but different structure, ex siamese cats and himalayan rabbits have a specific isozyme that is heat sensitive
What is the first law of thermodynamics related to metabolism? - Heat transferred out of the body and work done by the body remove internal energy while food intake replaces it
What is the second law of thermodynamics realted to metabolism? - For a reaction in equilibrium the direction of an enzyme catalyzed reaction depends on the change in free energy
What is the Law of mass action? - the rate of the chemical reaction is directly proportional to the product of the masses of the reacting substances
How many ATPs are produced with anaerobic conditions? - 2 ATP molecules
How many ATPS are produced wth aerobic conditions? - 38 ATP molecules
What is the process of creating ATP in an anaerobic condition? - a glucose molecule is broken down into pyruvate molecules, releasing electrons in the process and producing ATP
What is the process of a creating ATP in an aerobic condition? - glucose reacts with oxygen and produces ATP
What is chemical disequilibrium? - The coexistence of two or more incompatible species
What is electrical disequilibrium? - The uneven distribution of ions between ICF and ECF
What is osmotic equilibrium? - A point at which osmotic pressure of the solutions on each side of the membrane becomes equal
What is osmotic pressure? -The pressure applied to a pure solvent to prevent it from passing into a given solution by osmosis
What is osmosis? - A process in which molecules of a solvent tend to pass through semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one
What does extracellular fluid distribute? - Sodium and calcium
What does intracellular fluid distribute? - Potassium
What is a concentration gradient? - A difference in concentration of a chemical from one place to another
What is Fick’s law? - The molar flux due to diffusion is proportional to the concentration gradient?
What is the equation for the rate of diffusion? - Surface area x concentration gradient x membrane permeability / membrane thickness
What is simple diffusion? - a solute moves acoss the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane without the help of membrane transport proteins
What is facilitated diffusion? - A solute moves across the lipid bilayer aided by a channel protein or carrier protein
What is primary active transport? - Sodium-potassium pump expels sodium ions and brings potassium ions into the cell; pumps that hydrolyze ATP maintain the gradient
What is secondary active transport? - Uses the energy stored in an ionic electrochemical gradient; consumes ATP indirectly
What is isomotic? - Same osmolarity as another solution
What is hyperosmotic? - Has a higher osmolarity than another solution
What is Hyposmotic? - Has a lower osmolarity than another solution
What is Osmolarity? - a measure of the total number of dissolved particles per liter of solution
What is tonicity? - a measure of solutions ability to change the volume of cells by altering their water content
What is isotonic? - Has equal tension or tonicity
What is hypertonic? - Has higher osmotic pressure than a particular fluid
What is hypotonic? - Has lower osmotic pressure than a particular fluid
What are the two types of physiologcal communication in cells? - Electrical (changes in the membrane potential of the cell) and Chemical (secreted by cells into ECF and are responsible for most communication
What are the 3 methods of cell communication? - Gap junctions, extracellular fluid and cell-to-cell binding
What are Cannon’s four Postulates of homeostatic control? - Tonic control, antagonistic control, nervous regulation of internal environment and one chemical signal can ahve different effects in different tissues
What is tonic control? - Regulates physiological parameters in an up-down fashion
What is antagonistic control? - Controls heart rate, ex insulin and glucagon