Ap Psych unit 5

Health Psychology

Examines how mental and behavioral factors influence physical well-being. This field explores the intricate relationship between stress, lifestyle choices, and health outcomes.

Eustress

Motivating, positive stress that energizes and focuses. Includes challenges that push you out of your comfort zone and help you grow.

Distress

Debilitating, negative stress that overwhelms and hinders. Includes traumatic experiences or constant daily hassles that wear you down.

Adverse Childhood Experiences

Stressful or traumatic events in childhood with lifelong impact. Includes abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction.

General Adaptation Syndrome

Describes the process of experiencing stress in three stages: alarm reaction, resistance phase, and exhaustion phase.

Tend-and-Befriend Theory

Proposes some people, mostly women, react to stress by tending to their own and others' needs.

Problem-Focused Coping

Sees stress as a problem to be solved through active efforts by identifying the source of stress and working towards solutions.

Emotion-Focused Coping

Manages emotional reactions to stress as a means of coping and aims to reduce the negative feelings associated with stress.

Positive Psychology

Focuses on factors that contribute to individual and societal thriving. It emphasizes positive emotions, resilience, and psychological health.

Signature Strengths

An individual's core virtues or positive traits that are central to their identity and contribute to their optimal functioning.

Posttraumatic Growth

Refers to the positive psychological changes experienced as a result of struggling with highly challenging life circumstances or traumatic events.

Biopsychosocial Model

Recognizes that psychological problems often involve a complex interplay of biological, psychological and sociocultural factors.

Diathesis-Stress Model

Proposes that the diathesis-stress model proposes that psychological disorders emerge when an individual with a genetic vulnerability.

Neurodevelopmental Disorders

A group of disorders that first appear during the developmental period and may impact a person's behavior, cognition, or social skills.

Attention-Deficit Disorder

Disorder characterized by inattention, distractibility, and disorganization without significant hyperactivity.

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Disorder that affects communication, social interaction, and behavior, with symptoms varying in severity.

Schizophrenic Disorders

Characterized by disturbances in one or more of these five areas: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking/speech, disorganized motor behavior, and negative symptoms.

Delusions

False beliefs that may manifest as persecutory, believing others are our to harm you, or grandiose, believing you have special powers.

Hallucinations

False perceptions involving any of the senses, such as hearing voices or seeing things that aren't there.

Disorganized Thinking

May present as a "word salad" where the individual strings together nonsensical words or phrases.

Disorganized Motor Behavior

Can range from catatonic excitement, excessive, purposeless movement, to cationic stupor, lack of movement or responsiveness.

Negative Symptoms

The absence of typical behaviors, such as flat affect, or the lack of emotion, and avolition, or the lack of motivation.

Depressive Disorders

Involve persistent, sad, empty, or irritable moods accompanied by physical and cognitive changes that impair daily functioning.

Major Depressive Disorder

Disorder marked by persistent feelings of sadness, loss of interest, and other emotional and physical symptoms that interfere with daily life.

Persistent Depressive Disorder

Chronic form of depression with long-lasting symptoms of low mood and energy lasting for at least two years but typically not too severe.

Bipolar Disorders

Involve alternating periods of mania, or elevated/irritable moods, and depression.

Bipolar I Disorder

Type of disorder that involves full manic episodes.

Bipolar II Disorder

Type of disorder that involves hypomania, or less severe manic symptoms.

Anxiety Disorders

Involves excessive fear or anxiety that significantly impairs daily functioning.

Specific Phobia

An intense, irrational fear of a specific object or situation that leads to avoidance behavior.

Agoraphobia

Fear of being in situations where escape might be difficult or help unavailable. Could include public transportation, open spaces, and crowds.

Panic Disorder

Involves recurrent, unexpected panic attacks with physical and cognitive symptoms of intense fear.

Social Anxiety Disorder

Fear of social situations where one might be judged or scrutinized by others.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Persistent, excessive worry about various aspects of life.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders

Characterized by the presence of obsessions, or intrusive/unwanted thoughts, and compulsions, or repetitive behaviors or mental acts aimed at reducing anxiety.

Obsessions

Persistent, upsetting, and unwanted thoughts that interfere with daily life and may lead to compulsive behavior.

Compulsions

Repetitive behaviors that interfere with daily functioning but are performed in an effort to prevent dangers or events associated with obsessions.

OCD

Involves both obsessions and compulsions that are time-consuming and cause significant distress or impairment.

Dissociative Disorders

Involve disruptions in consciousness, memory, identity, emotion, perception, motor control, or behavior.

Dissociative Amnesia

Inability to recall important personal information, often related to a stressful or traumatic event.

Dissociative Fugue

Involves amnesia accompanied by unexpected travel or wandering and confusion about one's identity.

Dissociative Identity Disorder

Formerly known as multiple personality disorder; characterized by the presence of two or more distinct personality states or identities.

Somatoform Disorders

Psychological disorders where physical symptoms occur without a medical cause, often linked to stress or anxiety.

Conversion Disorder

A condition where psychological stress manifests as neurological symptoms (e.g., paralysis, blindness) without a medical explanation.

Illness Anxiety Disorder

Excessive worry about having or developing a serious illness, despite minimal or no medical evidence.

Malingering Disorders

The intentional faking or exaggeration of illness for personal gain, such as avoiding work or obtaining financial benefits.

Cyclothymic Disorder

A mood disorder involving chronic mood swings between mild depressive and hypomanic episodes, lasting at least two years.

Trauma Disorders

Involve psychological distress following exposure to a traumatic or stressful event.

PTSD

The primary trauma disorder; includes intrusive memories, avoidance of trauma-related stimuli, negative changes in mood, and hyperarousal.

Eating Disorders

Characterized by persistent disturbances in eating behaviors and related thoughts and emotions.

Anorexia Nervosa

Involves restriction of food intake, intense fear of weight gain, and distorted body image.

Bulimia Nervosa

Involves recurrent episodes of binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors such as purging and excessive exercise.

Body-Dysmorphic Disorder

An obsessive-compulsive disorder characterized by intense distress over imagined abnormalities of the skin, hair, and face.

Psychotropic Medications

Drugs that can affect mental states and behaviors.

Decentralized Treatment

Involves providing care in community-based settings rather than large institutions; is now the preferred approach for treating psychological disorders.

Combination Therapy

Using both medication and psychological therapies; often more effective than either approach alone.

Nonmaleficence

Avoiding actions that could harm clients.

Fidelity

Being loyal, truthful, and keeping promises to clients.

Integrity

Promoting accuracy, honesty, and truthfulness in the practice of psychology.

Respect for Rights & Dignity

Recognizing the inherent worth or all individuals and their right to privacy, confidentiality, and self-determination.

Free Association

Encourages clients to openly share thoughts, feelings, and experiences without censorship, helping to uncover unconscious conflicts.

Dream Interpretation

Analyzes the symbolic content of dreams to gain insight into the client's unconscious mind and underlying issues.

Dialectical Behavior Therapy

Combines cognitive and behavioral techniques to help clients regulate emotions, tolerate distress, and improve interpersonal relationships.

REBT

Also known as rational-emotive behavior therapy; focuses on identifying and challenging irrational beliefs that contribute to emotional distress and maladaptive behaviors.

TMS

Uses magnetic fields to stimulate or inhibit brain activity in specific regions, showing promise in treating depression and other mental health conditions.

ECT

Involves inducing controlled seizures through electrical stimulation of the brain, primarily used to treat severe, treatment-resistant depression.

Lobotomy

A controversial and rarely used procedure that severs connections in the prefrontal cortex. Was once widely performed to treat mental illnesses but has since been abandoned.