Lecture Notes on Disease, Coastal Landscapes, Changing Places, Social Inequality, Human Rights, and Placemaking

Flashcards generated from lecture notes on disease, coastal landscapes, changing places, social inequality, human rights, and placemaking.

How can diseases be classified?

Infectious (bacteria, virus, parasite, fungus) and Non-infectious

What is disease diffusion?

How diseases are spread (e.g., international travel, lack of hygiene, cramped living conditions, informal settlements).

What are the 4 types of Spatial diffusion of diseases?

Expansion, Contagious, Hierarchical, and Relocation.

What are the stages of the Hagerstrand model?

Infusion, rapid infection, saturation, waning.

What are some Physical barriers to disease spread?

Distance, climate, biomes, oceans, rainfall.

What are some Human barriers to disease spread?

Global movement restrictions, vaccination, education programs, border checks.

What disaster happened in Haiti?

earthquake with shallow focus 25 km west of Port au Prince.

What aid did the International Red Cross give to Haiti after the earthquake?

Delivered clean water, built toilets, treated people, raised awareness through texts and radio.

What is Epidemiology?

Influence, distribution, and possible control of diseases.

How does countries diseases differ according to Omran’s Epidemiological Transition Model?

LIDCs-CDs and ACs-NCDs

What are some lifestyle factors contributing to NCDs in ACs?

Sedentary lifestyle, longer life expectancy, processed food diet, disposable income, holidays abroad.

What is cardiovascular disease?

The single biggest killer, associated with overnutrition, takeaways in poor areas.

What are some barriers to healthcare in LIDCs?

Centralised healthcare, lack of investment, professionals migrating to ACs, lack of sanitation, rapid urbanisation.

What is the cause of high diabetes rates in Samoa?

93% overweight, high rates of obesity, diet high in mutton chops, local food seen as inferior.

What are some economic impacts of malaria?

slowing economic growth 1% a year in endemic countries, high treatment costs (family spends 25% of income on treatment)

What are some reasons for malaria transmission in Ethiopia?

Endemic, political unrest, humid climate, migration to lowlands, long nights, dry/wet seasons.

What temperature is optimum for malaria parasite transmission?

25 C

What are some socio-economic impacts of malaria?

$12bn a year in lost production in sub-Saharan Africa, high hospital administrations, deaths, health spending. economic development slowed by 1% a year in endemic countrys.40% of health spending in ethiopia

What are some causes of cancer?

Genetic risk, lifestyle (smoking), increased life expectancy, air pollution, obesity, lack of outdoor activity.

What are some impacts of cancer?

Costs NHS money, impacts on work productivity, emotional strain, lower quality of life.

What are some government actions to reduce cancer?

Banned smoking, screening/testing, sugar tax, warnings on cigarette packages.

What are some of the most common cancers?

Breast, prostate, lung, bowel, skin.

What is the World Health Organization (WHO)?

Authority on international health, part of the UN system.

Describe the H1N1 influenza pandemic.

Zoonotic, spread rapidly, neighborhood effect, hierarchical diffusion.

What are some key statistics about HIV/AIDS?

40.1 million dead, 28.7 million accessing ART, 34.8 million live with AIDS.

What was the MDG target for HIV/AIDS?

To halt and reverse the spread of AIDS by 2005 and universal access to treatment.

What is UNAIDS's 90-90-90 goal?

90% aware, 90% treatment, 90% suppressed.

What is PEPFAR?

USA (Bush), >$80bn in funding, >50 countries. Increased access to ART.

What are some challenges in combating HIV/AIDS in Kenya?

Stigma, criminalisation of homosexuality

What is the Jaboya system?

Women have sex with fishermen to get fish - more aids.

What does the Elizabeth Glusa AIDS Foundation do?

Funds health centres, decentralises healthcare, trains workers, mentor mothers to remove stigma.

Give examples of medicines from nature.

Morphine (poppy seeds), Quinine (white willow bark), Sweet wormwood.

What is Rosy Periwinkle?

Used in chemo in childhood cancer. Native to Madagascar.

What is Biopiracy?

Exploitation of biological resources. Little money channeled back to indigenous people.

What are some conservation issues concerning medicines from nature?

Plants mainly sourced from wild populations. Overharvesting is common.

Why is conserving rainforests important for medicines from nature?

Rainforests contain 70% of plant species. Deforestation causes extinction.

What disease did Mauritius have in the 1940s and how was it tackled?

Malaria endemic. Campaigns involved spraying DDT, and introducing predatory fish. Passenger screening.

Polio deaths? What initiative was founded to combat it?

Killed/paralysed 600k a year. Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI).

Smallpox total deaths and OG eradication

Killed ~300-500 mil in 20th century. Vaccination by Edward Jenner.

What strategy was used to quell smallpox outbreaks?

Used missionaries & runners to find exact location of outbreaks - ring vaccination (people close to source are vaccinated).

What are Grass root/bottom up strategies?

Working with local people. Education programmes.

How is Guinea Worm Disease spread and fought?

Spread through contaminated water. Surveillance, case containment, public health practices.

What is the Carter Centre's four-pronged attack to prevent Giunea Worm Disease?

Education, filtering water, treating water with insecticide, providing safe drinking water.

How do winds influence coastal landscapes?

Generates wave energy by frictional drag across the ocean surface.

What energies drive Material movement along a cliff face?

Kinetic, potential, thermal.

What is Negative feedback and what is it linked to?

Stabilizing mechanism to oppose changes to the coast.

What is Positive feedback and what is it linked to?

Pushes a coastal system away from equilibrium.

What are some terrestrial sources of coastal sediment?

Fluvial (river) deposition, weathering, mass-movement, aeolian deposition, LSD.

What are Offshore sources of coastal sediment?

Wind brings fine particles; constructive waves bring sediment.

What are River factors of sediment transportation methods?

Traction, saltation, suspension, solution.

What is a Geo?

Narrow, steep-sided inlet

What is a Blowhole?

A hole in the ground that connects a partially submerged ocean cave

How are Cliffs formed?

When destructive waves break repeatedly on relatively steeply sloping coastlines

What are Swash-aligned beaches?

Waves go straight up the beach and backwash goes straight down.

What are Drift-aligned beaches?

Waves go at an angle - not fully refracted.

How are Spits formed?

Formed by LSD occurring in 1 dominant direction which carries material into the open water. A long narrow beach of sand or shingle that are attached to land at one end

How are Onshore bars formed?

If a spit continues to grow across an indentation until it joins land at both ends. A lagoon of brackish water is created behind it.

How are Tombolos formed?

A beach which connects the mainland to an offshore island.

What are Salt marshes and how are they formed?

Low energy environments. Vegetated area of deposited silts and clays.

Give examples of High energy coastlines physical factors.

Destructive waves, long fetch, human management.

What are Landforms of high energy coastlines?

Shore platform/wave cut platform, headlands & bays, stacks, beaches, arches, geos, blowholes.

What is a Ria and its features?

Drowned river valley; Shallow at edges, deep in the middle.

What is a Fjord and its features?

Drowned u-shaped valley. Formed by glacial erosion - steep sides and very deep

What is Flandrian transgression?

Period of sea-level rise after the last ice age

What features are of farewell spit?

Sediment deficit. Westerly winds (roaring 40s). Formed from quartz sand transported north by LSD.

What is the relationship between Spit and bay?

Spits are formed at the head of a bay by LSD

What is the relationship between Coast and spit?

Coast creates the sediment to create the spit, higher sediment budget - more LSD

What impact do Tropical storms have in the short term of landscapes?

Significant erosion - dynamic equilibrium & negative feedback loop

What is the effect of time in the evolution of spits?

inputs every year of sediment, it elongates and expands over long duration

What is Hard engineering?

Defences working against natural processes.

What is Soft engineering?

Defences working with natural processes

Why are coastlines managed?

Increase tourism. Crucial infrastructure at risk. Environmental factors - biodiversity.

Why is there a need to manage sediment cell 5?

Important for harbor; high value commercial properties; sea level rise.

Give examples of management strategies used on coastlines?

Beach recharge - rainbowing, rock groynes, dredging

why is sand mining common on beaches and its effects

Used in construction. Beaches starved of sediment. Positive feedback loop - more aeolian processes

What is a Place?

Places are dynamic and multifaceted.

What comprises a Place profile?

Demographics, politics, socio-economics, built characteristics, natural characteristics, past & present influences, shifting flows over time.

What are the features and characteristics of Lympstone, Devon?

Village with harbour on River Esk, National Trust cliff field

What are Lympstone's natural characteristics?

Mudflat, small pebble beach, red cliffs, estuary.

What are Lympstone's past characteristics?

13th-century trading port, 19th-century shipbuilding, tourism, railway, commuter settlement

What are the features and characteristics of Toxteth?

Inner city area, working class, ethnic minorities, hit by job losses and riots.

What are Toxteth's natural characteristics?

Undulating/small hills, close to River Mersey, stream to NE.

What are Toxteth's past characteristics?

Saxon settlement, industry, middle-class villas, epidemics.

What is Place?

Something that has meaning

What is Perception?

way in which something is regarded, understood or interpreted

What impacts perception of a place?

Gender, religion, age, sexuality, role performed.

How are Emotional attachments to a place created?

Linked to memories, hardship, or forced displacement.

Who are the Kurds?

Ethnic group spread across Iraq, Syria, Turkey. Want their own state.

What behaviours have the kurds done because of their pride of Kurdistan?

Sense of pride, community action - graffiti.

What are Formal representations of place?

Census data, crime data, climate data, OS mapping.

What are Informal representations of place?

TV, film, music, art, photos, literature, graffiti, blogs.

What is Social inequality?

The unequal distribution of resources, wealth, and opportunities.

What does Quality of life mean?

The extent to which people's needs and desires are met

What is Standard of living?

The ability to access goods and services.

What is Deprivation?

When QofL & SofL are low.

How is Social inequality measured?

When households receive 50% less than the average household income in their area. The Gini coeff measures income inequality.

How does Housing contribute to Social inequality?

Impacts on the type/quality of housing. Tenure is an important indicator.

How does Education contribute to Social inequality?

Contrasts in literacy levels give an indication of inequality. Formal vs informal

How does Healthcare contribute to Social inequality?

Access to healthcare and levels of ill-health are closely associated with social inequality.

How doe Employment contribute to Social inequality?

Whether a household includes someone who is in receipt or regular income has a profound impact on the standard of living and quality of life.