ICT and Graphics Fundamentals

Vocabulary flashcards covering Information and Communication Technology history, digital citizenship, online safety, professional collaboration, and graphic design principles based on the lecture transcripts.

ICT

Encompasses both hardware and software that facilitate human interaction and connectivity.

Pre–Mechanical Period

Period from $3000 BCE-1450 CE$ characterized by people developing ways to share, process, and communicate information using basic tools and symbols.

Charles Babbage

Known as the Father of Computer and creator of the Analytical Engine, a $19th$ century general purpose computer making it the first programmable device.

Blaise Pascal

Created the “pascaline,” which is considered the first mechanical calculator.

Johannes Guttenberg

Inventor of the “printing press” during the Mechanical Period ($1450-1840 CE$).

Artificial Intelligence

A computer science related field focused on computers that work and act like humans.

SimSimi

An AI program created in $2002$ by “Ismaker”; the name means “bored” and is pronounced as shim-shimi.

Robotics

A computer science and engineering related field concerned with creating devices that can move and react.

Sophia

A robot created by Hanson Robotics in HongKong that was granted a Saudi Arabian Citizenship.

Biometrics

Used to measure and analyze the human body, such as DNA, fingerprints, and eye retinas.

Papyrus Paper

Invented by Egyptians from a papyrus plant.

Abacus

A device that first existed in Babylon around $2700-3000 BCE$.

Electronic Period

Period from $1840-Present$ that introduced inventions like the Harvard Mark I Computer, Apple I, and CDC $7600$.

Virtual Reality (VR)

A term used to describe a three-dimensional, computer-generated environment that can be explored and interacted with by a person.

Augmented Reality (AR)

A technology where objects are placed in real life, such as in Pokemon.

IBM Simon

A smartphone in $1994$ featuring the first touch screen.

Active Digital Footprints

Consist of websites and platforms where we intentionally provide our information, like when creating an account on social media.

Passive Digital Footprint

Involves data being gathered without our awareness, often used by businesses and websites to monitor web traffic.

Cookies

Small text files that websites store on your computer or device to remember preferences, login details, or site activity.

Netiquette

Shorthand for “network etiquette,” it is the set of rules that determines how to properly communicate and browse the web.

Virginia Shea

The network manners guru and the creator of the $10$ Rules of Netiquette.

Collaboration

Working together with another person or group to achieve a goal; comes from the Latin word “collaboratus” meaning to labor together.

Persistence

A principle of collaboration involving the continuous application of principles to ensure content is kept within the community and accessible.

Emergence

A principle of collaboration focusing on the end goal and combining ideas to create a bigger idea.

Word Processor

An electronic device or computer software application for composing, editing, formatting, and printing documents.

Mail Merging

A feature that allows you to create a document and merge it with another document or data file.

Spreadsheet

A computer application for computation, analysis, and storage of data in replacement for analog accounting sheets.

Presentation Software

Application software like PowerPoint, originally created by Robert Gaskins and Dennis Austin at Forethought Inc.

Advocacy

A process of supporting and enabling people to express their views, access services, and defend their rights.

Justice Oriented Digital Citizen

A person who critically analyzes social issues and uses technology to promote justice and systematic change.

Super Paint

Considered the grandfather of all graphic softwares, created in $1972$ by Richard Shoup at Xerox PARC.

Whitespace

Also called the “art of nothing,” it is the negative space or marks that allow a design to breathe and split up elements.

JPEG

Joint Photographic Experts Group; a lossy file format where much information is lost to keep file size small.

GIF

Graphics Interchange Format; limited to an $8 bit$ palette with $256$ colors and used for animation effects.

TIFF

Tagged Image File Format; a superior raster image format created by Aldus corporation for desktop publishing.

BMP

Bitmap Image File or Device Independent Bitmap (DIB); an uncompressed file made of millions of dots called pixels.

PNG

Portable Network Graphic; a nonproprietary alternative to the GIF format designed specifically for the web.

Rule of Thirds

The guideline to follow when cropping an image to organize composition.

Infographics

Creative representation of data using shapes, colors, and pictures to make complex information more understandable.

Typography

Refers to the style or appearance of text on a page.

Serif

Font family where letters have smaller lines attached to them, such as Times New Roman.

Sans Serif

Font family where letters do not have lines, best used for headers and captions.