APHY 101: Midterm study set

Cavity containing brain

cranial

Anatomy

Study of structure (what body parts look like)

Physiology

Study of function (how body parts work)

Levels of organization (order)

Chemical → Organelle → Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ system → Organism

Organelle

Structure within a cell that performs a specific function

Cell

Basic unit of structure and function in all living organisms

Tissue

Group of similar cells working together

Organ

Structure made of two or more tissue types

Organ system

Group of organs working together

Organism

A complete living individual

Characteristics of life

Movement; Responsiveness; Growth; Reproduction; Respiration; Digestion; Absorption; Circulation; Assimilation; Excretion

Requirements for life

Water; Food; Oxygen; Heat; Pressure

Homeostasis

Maintenance of stable internal conditions

Why is homeostasis important

Keeps body functioning properly

Systems controlling homeostasis

Nervous system (fast) and endocrine system (slow, hormones)

3 parts of homeostasis

Receptor; Control center; Effector

Negative feedback

Reverses a change to maintain stability

Example of negative feedback

Body temperature regulation

Positive feedback

Amplifies a change

Example of positive feedback

Childbirth contractions

Axial portion

Head, neck, trunk

Appendicular portion

Limbs

Dorsal cavity

Cranial and vertebral cavities (brain and spinal cord)

Ventral cavity

Thoracic, abdominal, pelvic cavities

Thoracic cavity

Contains lungs and heart

Abdominal cavity

Contains digestive organs

Pelvic cavity

Contains bladder and reproductive organs

Diaphragm

Muscle separating thoracic and abdominal cavities

Mediastinum

Central region of thoracic cavity containing heart

Serous membrane

Membrane that reduces friction between organs

Visceral layer

Covers organ

Parietal layer

Lines cavity

Pleura

Membrane around lungs

Pericardium

Membrane around heart

Peritoneum

Membrane in abdominal cavity

Anatomical position

Standing upright, facing forward, arms at sides, palms forward

Superior

Above

Inferior

Below

Anterior

Front

Posterior

Back

Medial

Toward midline

Lateral

Away from midline

Bilateral

Both sides

Ipsilateral

Same side

Contralateral

Opposite side

Proximal

Closer to point of attachment

Distal

Farther from point of attachment

Superficial

Near surface

Deep

Farther inside

Sagittal plane

Divides left and right

Coronal plane

Divides front and back

Transverse plane

Divides top and bottom

Cross section

Cut across

Longitudinal section

Cut lengthwise

Oblique section

Diagonal cut

Right upper quadrant (RUQ)

Upper right abdomen

Left upper quadrant (LUQ)

Upper left abdomen

Right lower quadrant (RLQ)

Lower right abdomen

Left lower quadrant (LLQ)

Lower left abdomen

Matter

Anything that has mass and takes up space

Element

Pure substance made of one type of atom

Atom

Smallest unit of an element

Compound

Two or more elements chemically combined

Proton

Positively charged particle

Neutron

Neutral particle

Electron

Negatively charged particle

Ionic bond

Transfer of electrons between atoms

Covalent bond

Sharing of electrons

Hydrogen bond

Weak attraction between molecules

Polar molecule

Uneven distribution of charge

Nonpolar molecule

Equal sharing of electrons

Reactants

Starting substances in a reaction

Products

End substances in a reaction

Synthesis reaction

Combines smaller substances into larger ones

Decomposition reaction

Breaks down substances

Exchange reaction

Swaps parts between molecules

Reversible reaction

Can go in both directions

Electrolyte

Substance that dissociates into ions in water

Acid

Substance that releases hydrogen ions (H+)

Base

Substance that accepts hydrogen ions or releases OH-

Salt

Ionic compound formed from acid + base

pH scale

Measures acidity or alkalinity (0-14)

Acid pH

Less than 7

Base pH

Greater than 7

Neutral pH

7

Normal blood pH

7.35-7.45

Acidemia

Low blood pH

Alkalemia

High blood pH

Buffer

Resists changes in pH

Organic molecule

Contains carbon and hydrogen

Inorganic molecule

Does not contain both carbon and hydrogen

4 main organic compounds

Carbohydrates; Lipids; Proteins; Nucleic acids

Carbohydrates function

Primary energy source

Carbohydrates elements

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

Monosaccharide

Single sugar (glucose)

Disaccharide

Two sugars

Polysaccharide

Many sugars (glycogen)

Glucose vs glycogen

Glucose = immediate energy; Glycogen = stored energy

Lipids function

Long-term energy storage, insulation

Are lipids water soluble

No