Exam 4 Study Guide - Section 1

What does energy balance compare?

Energy intake and energy expenditure

Stable weight occurs when energy intake ______ energy expenditure.

Equals

Weight gain occurs when energy intake ______ energy expenditure.

Is greater than

Weight loss occurs when energy intake ______ energy expenditure.

Is less than

Why is energy balance important?

Maintains homeostasis and stable energy levels

When does the absorptive state occur?

During or right after a meal

Where do nutrients enter during absorptive state?

Bloodstream

Main goal of absorptive state

Use nutrients and store extra energy

After carb‑rich meal: blood glucose

Increases

After carb‑rich meal: insulin

Increases

After carb‑rich meal: glucagon

Decreases

Three fates of glucose

ATP, glycogen, fat

Triglycerides mainly used for

Energy storage

When does postabsorptive state occur?

Between meals

What energy is used in postabsorptive state?

Stored energy

Main goal of postabsorptive state

Maintain blood glucose

Insulin during postabsorptive state

Decreases

Glucagon during postabsorptive state

Increases

Glycogenolysis

Breakdown of glycogen to glucose

Gluconeogenesis

Making glucose from non‑carbs

Two gluconeogenesis sources

Amino acids, glycerol

Glucose sparing

Cells use fats instead of glucose

Why is glucose sparing important?

Saves glucose for brain

When is insulin released?

High blood glucose

What does insulin do to blood glucose?

Lowers it

Three actions of insulin

Glucose uptake, glycogen synthesis, fat storage

When is glucagon released?

Low blood glucose

What does glucagon do to blood glucose?

Raises it

Three actions of glucagon

Glycogen breakdown, fat breakdown, ↑ glucose

Why are insulin & glucagon antagonistic?

Opposite effects

After eating pasta, what happens to blood glucose?

It increases

Which hormone increases after eating carbs?

Insulin

What does insulin cause cells to do?

Take in glucose

During exercise, body needs more

Oxygen and ATP

During exercise: insulin

Decreases

During exercise: glucagon

Increases

During exercise: epinephrine

Increases