COMM 4 Stage Check

Where is the hydraulic reservior located?

Located in the baggage compartment with access through a panel

Moving Propeller Lever Forward:

Increases tension on the speeder spring causing the fly weights to bow inward (Under speed condition) which allows the pilot valve to drop down allowing oil to be metered from the high pressure pump into the propeller hub. This drives the propeller to a low pitch/ high RPM setting.

Moving the Propeller Lever Aft:

Decreases tension on the speeder spring causing the fly weights to bow outward (Over speed condition) which allows the pilot valve to raise allowing oil to flow out of the propeller hub resulting in a high pitch/ low RPM setting.

On-Speed:

The engine is operating at the RPM set by the pilot on the propeller lever.

Underspeed:

The engine is operating below the RPM set by the pilot on the propeller lever. Since there is not enough centrifugal force on the flyweights to overcome the force from the speeder spring, the flyweights tilt inward. This causes the pilot valve to drop and meters oil to the hub where it actively pushes the propeller blade piston and decreases the blade pitch angle, increasing engine RPM.

Overspeed:

The engine is operating above the RPM set by the pilot on the propeller lever. Since the centrifugal force on the flyweights is greater than the speeder spring force, the flyweights tilt outward and raise the pilot valve. With the pilot valve raised, oil is metered from the hub allowing blade pitch angle to increase, decreasing engine RPM. When the oil pressure is reduced in the hub, the dome spring, nitrogen charge and counterweights move the propeller to the higher pitch, lower RPM setting.

Why does our propeller feather in flight?

To reduce the drag caused by the blade area exposed to the relative wind. When feathered the blades fall into alignment with the relative wind and reduce drag.

Why is Propeller Windmilling Bad?

Some oil pressure will still be present keeping the propeller from fully feathering

Engine Winterization:

Winterization plates can be attached to the oil cooler during the winter to restrict airflow. The kit should be installed whenever the ambient temperature is below 50°F.

Conditions Vmc is Certified Under

-Standard Day

-Max Power

-Aft CG

-Critical Engine Inop. + Windmilling

-Flaps up, Gear Up, T.O. Trim

-Up to 5 degrees of bank

-Most Unfavorable Weight

Single Engine Absolute v.s. Service Ceiling

- The single engine absolute ceiling is where the rate of climb is zero.

- The single engine service ceiling is the altitude at which a twin-engine aircraft with one engine feathered can no longer climb at 50 feet per minute in smooth air.

Single Engine Flight Planning:

Plan it so that you can:

- Be able to maintain minimum VFR or IFR altitudes and remain clear of terrain/obstacles if you lose an engine

More/Less Power from operating engine Vmc effect:

- More Power = More Asymmetric Trust : Less Rudder Available to Pilot (Vmc increases as power on operating engine increases)

- Less Power is the opposite

Up to 5 degrees towards the operating engine Vmc Effect:

- Raising the dead engine (banking into the good engine) increases horizontal lift in the opposite direction of asymmetric thrust

- The more the pilot banks the more horizontal lift, requiring less rudder input, DECREASING VMC

- The more bank past 5 degrees, Vmc will keep going down, BUT you are going to lose a lot of performance.

Why is Vmc lower at 2-3 degrees of bank rather than 0 degrees

- The angle of attack on the rudder is much larger, making it more effective.

- The amount of rudder needed is less since it's more effective.

-Also, the horizontal component of lift is helping oppose the yaw from the inoperative engine (meaning less rudder will be required)

Engine HP:

180 hp @ 2700 RPM

Do we need the Aspen to go fly?

- IFR; Yes

-VFR; The equivalent indication must be available on the PFD

Vmc v.s. Stall Speed as Altitude Increases Conventional Twin:

When the operating engine is unable to produce as much thrust as it does on the ground, the result of this is that less rudder force will be required to maintain directional control thereby lowering VMC. Indicated stall speed, however, will remain the same.

What is the Blue Line and it's configuration:

Best single-engine rate of climb airspeed (Vyse) and it delivers the greatest gain in altitude per unit of time, with the airplane in the following configuration:

- Inoperative engine propeller feathered

- Maximum power on the operative engine

- Gear Up

- Wing flaps in the most favorable (best lift/drag ratio) position

- Cowl Flaps as required for engine cooling

- Zero Sideslip

When Should the Landing Gear Be Retracted?

- After a positive rate of climb is established

-But not before reaching a point from which a safe landing can no longer be made on the runway or overrun remaining

Manifold pressure depends on:

- Ambient pressure, the position of the throttle plate, and the speed at which the pistons are moving up and down

- Manifold pressure does not indicate "power," unless other things are taken into account.

Why does the manifold pressure go up when you move the props to a lower RPM position (like setting 25 in 2500 RPM for climb)?

The speed at which the pistons are turning is slowed down which means less airflow is being sucked into the engine. Less suction means a higher manifold pressure reading.

Garmin G5 Useful Time:

Approximately 4 Hours

Seminole Fuselage:

Semi-Monocoque Structure

Alternator Control Unit Purpose:

- Maintains effective load sharing while regulating electrical system bus voltage to 28 volts.

Made Up Of:

- Voltage Regulator

- Overvoltage Relay

Alternate Static Source Usage:

Ensure cabin vents and storm window are closed and the cabin heater and defroster are on

Error is less than 50 feet

External Power Usage:

- If battery is depleted, the external power may be used for engine start

- Power is supplied directly to the electrical bus (Turn off all electrical equipment before applying or removing ext. power)

- Power will flow directly to the starter contactors and the tie bus

- Follow instructions on placard above ext. power receptacle and follow checklist

Aileron Deflection:

- Up 23 degrees (+/-2)

- Down 17 degrees (+/-2)

A/P Limitations:

- A/P off during takeoff and landing

- Minimum Engagement Heights: 400 ft. during T.O. and climb ops; 1,000 ft. during cruise and decent ops; 200 ft during approach ops.

- Minimum Speed: 90 kts. on approach and 80 kts. other than approach

- Max operating speed 190 kts.

- Max fuel imbalance - 10 gal.

- A/P coupled go around prohibited with one engine inop.

- Max. engagement limits: Pitch: +/-50 degrees and Roll +/-75 degrees

- If stall warning system is inop. Underspeed Protection will not activate in altitude critical modes (ALT, GS, GP, TO, and GA)

- Approved for Cat I approaches only

Aspen Limitations:

- Aspen Pilots Guide must be immediately available to the flight crew

- Use of the EBD for IFR ops. within 750 NM. of the magnetic north or south pole is NOT AUTHORIZED

G1000 Limitations:

- Current G1000 Cockpit Reference Guide must be on board

- Current navdata database must be onboard for GPS based IFR enroute, oceanic and terminal navigation and RNAV/GPS approaches

- Use of Navigation Map prohibited as primary means of navigation

- Use of traffic map cant be used for see and avoid,

- Use of terrain proximity cant be used for primary means of terrain avoidance

- N/A in northern Canada, Russia and south of NZ and Australia

- Split com function not approved for use

- Fuel quantity must be verified by the pilot

Main Battery Min and Max Volts:

- Max: 32V

- Min: 25V

Emergency Battery Min and Max Volts:

- Max: 32V

- Min: 20V

- Min Required for Flight: 23.3V

How old do you have to be to apply for a Commercial Pilots License?

18

Documents Required and Validity:

- Airworthiness Certificate: Valid lifetime of airplane so long as inspections are completed and AD's are complied with

- Registration: 7 years from the month it's issued

- Radio (Aircraft Radio Station License): Valid 10 years

- Operaters Manual (POH)

- Weight and Balance Data

- Supplemental: G1000 CRG, Data Plate

CPL Limiations:

If not IR, then you can't fly passengers for hire more than 50 NM or at night

MEL vs MMEL:

- The MMEL includes all equipment and accessories available for the aircraft model and is approved by the FAA. Broad and Flexible

- The MEL is created by the operator for your specific type of aircraft off the foundation of the MMEL. Created in house and approved by a local authority

What is an overhaul?

Major overhaul consists of the complete disassembly of an engine. The overhaul facility inspects the engine, repairs it as necessary, reassembles, tests, and approves it for return to service within the fits and limits specified by the manufacturer's overhaul data.

Fuel Servo v.s. Fuel Transducer

Fuel Servo: Fuel-air metering unit

Fuel Flow Transducer: Determines flow rate of fuel

N/M AD code

Non-Recurring AD that requires more than 1 compliance

R AD code

Repetitive or Recurring AD

N/R AD code

An AD that requires Repetitive or Recurring compliance which becomes non-recurring or fully complied when some modification or part change is done

Why do Vx and Vy converge as altitude goes up?

Vx, which is the maximum excess thrust available (biggest gap between thrust required and thrust available)

- Vx increases because as you climb theres less air molecules for thrust available (decreases), but trust required (drag) also decreases. This shifts the max excess thrust speed up

Vy, which is the maximum excess power available (biggest gap between power required and power available)

- Vy increases because power diminishes as you climb (due to less air for combustion at higher altitudes), meaning you will have to fly faster to have max. excess power.

Vy does not increase as fast as Vx, so in IAS will read lower

CO poisoning symptoms

headache, blurred vision, dizziness, drowsiness, and/or loss of muscle power.

Hypoxia Symptoms:

Visual Signs:

- Cyanosis (blue fingernails and lips)

- Decreased response to stimuli and increased reaction time

Physiological Symptoms:

- Headache

- Impaired judgment

- Euphoria

- Visual impairment

- Drowsiness

- Lightheaded or dizzy sensation

- Tingling in fingers and toes

- Numbness

Motion Sickness Symptoms and Treatment:

Symptoms:

- general discomfort

- nausea

- dizziness

- paleness

- sweating

- vomiting

Treatment:

- opening fresh air vents

- focusing on objects outside the airplane

- avoiding unnecessary head movements

Hyperventilation Symptoms and Treatment:

Symptoms:

- Visual impairment

- Unconsciousness

- Lightheaded or dizzy sensation

- Tingling sensations

- Hot and cold sensations

- Muscle spasms

Treatment: slowing the breathing rate, breathing into a paper bag or talking aloud