I1: General Principles of Anatomy

Anatomy

branch of knowledge concerned with structure or morphology

anatomy greek

ana = apart

tomy= cut

*need to know this*

dissect greek

dis =apart

sectare = cut

*need to know this*

surface anatomy

study of surface structures

developmental anatomy (embryology)

development of the body prior to birth

comparative anatomy

The comparison of body structures and how they vary among species

radiology

use of radiation to visualize internal body structure

Anatomical Pathology

study of tissue that departs from the normal and thus is diseased

Organization of the body

cell, tissue, organ, organ system, body

Microanatomy

Study of microscopic structures

cells and tissue

Gross Anatomy

structures that can be seen without a microscope

organs, organ system, body

cell

the smallest unit of living matter and the characteristic building block of all plant and animal tissue

cytology

study of cells

kytos = cell

logos = knowledge of

*need to know this*

Histology

study of tissues

histos=tissue

logos= knowledge of

*need to know this*

tissue

A collection of similar cells that perform a particular function.

organ

consist of one/more tissues

blended in such a way as to form a structure, which can perform one function

or related functions. (for example, the kidney)

organ system

consists of one/more organs that act together in performing a major function of the body. (for example, the right and left kidneys, right and left ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra make up the Urinary System)

body

composed of 12 organ systems

methods of study for the human body

regional or systemic

regional

according to the natural subdivisions of the body.

1. Head: facial region, cranium

2. Neck

3. Thorax (chest)

4.Abdomen

5.Pelvis

6.Back (posterior aspect thorax, abdomen, and pelvis)

7.Trunk (combination of thorax, abdomen, pelvis, and back)

8.Upper limb (extremity): pectoral region, arm, forearm, and hand

9.Lower limb (extremity): gluteal region, thigh, leg, and foot

Systemic

according to the major body systems; collections of organs that perform related functions.

12 organ systems of the body

LOOK AT CHART

Circulatory or Cardiovascular

Lymphatic

Respiratory

Digestive

Urinary

Integumentary

Skeletal

Muscular

Articular

Nervous

Endocrine

Reproductive

articular system

joints

integumentary system

skin, hair, nails, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, subcutaneous tissue

endocrine system

hormones, endocrine glands

lymphatic system

lymphatic vessels, nodes, supporting lymphocytes and lymphoid organs

respiratory system

lungs, pharynx, larynx, trachea

circulatory system

heart, blood vessels

digestive

mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small and large intestines

urinary system

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

skeletal system

bones

Muscular system

muscles

nervous system

brain, spinal cord, nerves

reproductive system

reproductive organs

anatomical position and 5 criteria

refers to the position the body must be in when using anatomical planes and terms of reference

Its important when we communicate with others about our patients.

It has 5 criteria:

Body Longitudinal

Upper Limbs By Side

Eyes Directed Forward

Palms Directed Forward

Toes Directed Forward

planes of reference

planes that subdivide the total body or organs

4 types

median (midsagittal)

sagittal

frontal (coronal)

transverse (horizontal)

Median Plane (midsagittal plane)

divides body into two equal parts (right and left)

sagittal plane

vertical division of the body into right and left portions

UNEQUAL LEFT AND RIGHT

infinite amount!

frontal plane (coronal plane)

Divides the body into front and back portions.

infinite amount!

Horizontal Plane (transverse)

plane that divides the body into upper and lower halves

infinite amount!

terms of reference

must always be used with the body in anatomical position

6 pairs of terms

1. medial and lateral

2. anterior and posterior

3. superior and inferior

4. proximal and distal

5. internal and external

6. Superficial and deep

others

supine and prone

medial

toward the midline

ex. the neck lies medial to the shoulder

Lateral

away from the midline

ex. the shoulder lies lateral to the neck

Anterior (ventral)

front of the body

ex. our umbilicus lies anterior to our spine or back

Posterior (dorsal)

back of body

ex. our umbilicus lies ventral to our spine or back

superior (cephalic)

toward the head

ex. the neck is superior to the umbilicus

Inferior (caudal)

nearer the lower (tail) end

ex. the umbilicus is inferior to the neck

proximal

Closer to the point of attachment

ex. our shoulder lies proximal to our elbow

distal

away from the point of attachment

ex. our elbow lies distal to our shoulder

internal

nearer the center of an organ or cavity

external

farther away from the center or an organ or cavity

superficial

near the surface

In our forearm we have 2 muscles that flex the digits.

One is "Flexor digitorum

superficialis" (superficial refers to closer to the surface).

The deeper one is "Flexor digitorum profundus" (profundus means deep and refers to closer to the bone and further from the skin).

deep

farther from the body surface

In our forearm we have 2 muscles that flex the digits.

One is "Flexor digitorum

superficialis" (superficial refers to closer to the surface).

The deeper one is "Flexor digitorum profundus" (profundus means deep and refers to closer to the bone and further from the skin).

supine position

lying on back, facing upward

prone position

lying on abdomen, facing downward