Swine production final

environmental pollution

major concern with waste management

EPA

organization that controls CAFOs

concentrated animal feeding operation

A large indoor or outdoor structure used to raise animals at very high densities

2500 hogs >55 lbs.

45+ days of confinement

requirements for an organization to be considered a CAFO

liquid slurry

semi-solid

dry

forms of manure

water

carbon

nitrogen

phosphorus

potassium

sulfur

nutrients present in manure

10:9:8

ideal N:P:K ratio

phytase

phosphatase (enzyme) is required to liberate phosphorus from phytase molecule

self-distribute

manure collection strategy for dry manure

under-floor storage pit

lagoon

storage tank

manure collection strategy for liquid manure

anaerobic lagoon

cause odor pollution

more shallow

slurry storage tank

manure is collected in large reservoir, allows for improved fertilizer value

9,500 - 11,500 (millions)

estimated number of pigs processed over 1 year

March and October

biggest/highest demand months for hog slaughter

pork checkoff program

established by the national pork board to produce ideal market hogs, set the standard of excellence for quality market hogs in the United States

production, carcass, and meat quality character

areas evaluated in pork checkoff program

auction

direct to buyer (private treaty)

contracts

market channels

contracts

most popular market channel in industry

summer

time of the year when lean hog prices are the highest

corn

resource that lean hog prices are based on

1 boar/20 sows

boar to sow ratio for live cover

1 boar/200 sows

boar to sow ratio for AI

replacement gilts

terminal market hogs

purpose of boars in the herd

8 months

age at which a boar can be used for breeding

12 even teats

no genetic abnormalities

strong feet/legs

wide stance

ability to move freely

features of reproductive soundness

body length/depth

height

size

features of conformation

10+ farrowed

8+ weaned

type of litter that boar should be selected from

250 lbs. at 155 days

2.75lbs. feed/1lb gain

gain 2+ lbs./day

performance requirements when selecting boars

ideal backfat measure

EPD

estimate of how future progeny of sire will perform

selection index

incorporates genetic evaluation of performance record, includes multiple traits

overall BV in terms of money

values based on 100

number born alive (NBA)

Number of live pigs born per litter, expressed as number of individuals, 10% heritability

21 day litter weight

weight in pounds of total litter adjusted to 21 days, 15% heritability

days to 250

number of days it takes a hog to reach market weight, reflects feed efficiency and intake, 35% heritability

backfat depth

measured at 10th rib, amount adjusted to 250lbs., negative correlation to muscle, 40% heritability

terminal sire index

swine- Ranks hogs on DAYS, LBS, F/G and BF only and does not include any maternal information

16 sq ft

size of housing crates

42 sq ft

size of housing pens

penned separately

crates

pens

housing options for boars

common area

flooring highly important

breeding area

>85% F

temperature at which semen quality begins to decrease

limit-fed at 6 months to prevent over-fattening

feed based on BCS

boar nutrition

daily observation

vaccination

treat for mange/lice

tusk trimming

features of routine management

loss of appetite

listlessness

lameness

features to look for during daily observation

2x per year

frequency of tusk trimming

erysipelas

a contagious disease of the skin and subcutaneous tissues caused by infection with streptococci organisms

infection by ingestion

edema of nose

snoring

diamond skin lesions

clinical signs of erysipelas

leptospira pomona

reproductive disease caused by infection by contact

show no external symptoms

mange

scabies, 15 day life cycle, lay eggs under skin

causes irritated crusty skin

ear --> neck --> body

pathway of infection of mange

insecticides

treatment of mange

lice

sucking and biting insect, lay eggs on hair near body, affects all parts of the body

causes irritated skin and decreased weight

insecticides

sanitation

treatment of lice

sperm and testosterone production

function of the testes

stores sperm (maturation)

function of epididymis

transports sperm during ejaculation

function of ductus deferens

produce seminal fluid

function of vesicular and prostate glands

produce gel

function of bulbourethral gland

individual mating

one boar with one female, requires a lot of labor and time

increased conception rates

pen mating

boar in pen with random females, boars rotated every couple days

training

facilities

requirements for collection for AI

safety

most important aspect of semen collection for AI

200 mL

average amount of ejaculate of mature boar

100 mL

3 billion cells

1 dose of sperm =

70-90%

ideal motility of sperm for insemination

7 days

average amount of time an extender can preserve sperm

within herd

Where most replacement gilts are found

well-developed underline

sound feet/legs

fast growing

from large litters

from high producing mothers

guidelines for selecting replacement gilts

structural soundness

volume/body capacity

muscling

leanness

underline quality

visual evaluation for replacement gilt selection

number born alive (NBA)

number of offspring born in a litter

expressed as number of individuals

10% heritability

21 day litter weight

weight in pounds adjusted to 21 days

15% heritability

maternal line index

index which includes TSI and maternal traits (SPI)

BF, Days, LBS, NBA, LWT, NW

maternal traits weighted 2x as much

sow productivity index

index which includes NBA, LW, and NW

indicates reproductive ability

based on average (100)

HAL gene

porcine stress syndrome

pigs have PSE pork

originally selected for lean meat

ESR gene

estrogen sulfate receptor

increased ovulation rate

K88 gene

- e. coli binds to the K88 receptor in gut

- no K88 = no e. coli = no scours

white skin

trait that packer prefer

5-8 months

180 lbs

age and weight of puberty

2-3 days

length of estrus

20-22 days

length of estrous

12 hrs before end of estrus

time of ovulation

114 days

length of gestation

3-7 days

amount of time post-weaning that cycling occurs again

level of fatty acids

level of carbs

level of leptin

factors that may affect onset of puberty

boar exposure

PG600

technique to bring prepubertal gilts into heat

Matrix

oral progesterone fed for 14 days to synchronize cycling females

group weaning

technique used to synchronize weaned sows

suckling

releases opioids that inhibit GnRH release --> prevents cycling

pure breeding

crossbreeding

types of breeding systems

purebreeding

eligible for breed registration, lineage, line purity and promotion

necessary to maintain genetic diversity and progress

crossbreeding

mating of animals of different breeds, aims to capture additive/nonadditive gene action

additive gene action

occurs when each gene has an expressed phenotypic effect

offspring exhibit phenotype that is the average of the parent's

nonadditive gene action

offspring traits differ from average of parent's

heterosis present

individual heterosis

how much hybrid vigor is in the offspring

increased performance traits due to crossbreeding

maternal heterosis

increased performance in sows and progeny from crossbred dam

increased litter size and rebreeding rates

paternal heterosis

increased performance in boars and progeny from crossbred sire

increased libido, breeding, and longevity

2 breed terminal cross

100% heterosis

3 breed terminal cross

maintain 100% heterosis

2 breed rotational cross

- Mate straight-bred sires of 2 different breeds to dams that are a mix of the two breeds

- Female progeny from one group transferred to the other group. All crossbred males are sold

3 breed rotational cross

- Three different sire breeds are mated to females that are a mixture of the three breeds

- Crossbred dams are mated with the breed of sire to which they are least related.