Week 3- Support and movement

Abduction

Movement away from the midline of the body

Adduction

Arms towards body

Lateral rotaton

rotate towards outside of body

Medial rotation

rotate towards inside of body

Flexsion

Dec angle between bones

Extension

Inc angle between bones

Circumduction

Movement of a body region in a circular manner - one end of the body region stays stationary while the other end moves in a circle

Combines flexion, adduction and abduction at a joint

Supination

Radius and Ulna are parallel

Pronation

Radius and ulna cross

Dorsiflexsion

movement that bends the foot upward at the ankle

Plantarflexion

Ankle movement pointing the foot downward

Retraction and protraction of mandible

Retract bring back protract move forward

Eversion

turning the sole of the foot outward

inversion

turn sole of foot inward toward midline of body

Elevation and depression

up and down

ie. move jaw chewing motion

Excusion

side to side movement of mandible

How scapula is defined inferior or superior rotation

Superior as glenoid cavity moves up

Inferior and glenoid cavity moves down

opposition

Thumb touch finger

Reposition

thumb back to anatomical position

What movement does the pivot joint allow and give example

Uniaxial joint, Rotation

ie. skull rotate left and right

What movement does the Hinge joint allow and give example

Uniaxial, flexion and extension

ie. knee flex and extend lower leg

What movement does the condyloid joint allow and give example

Biaxial, flex/extend, adduction/abduction, circumduction

ie. joints of fingers, wrist, toes

What movement does the saddle joint allow and give example

Biaxial, flex/extend, adduct/abduct, circumduct

ie. first joint of thumb

What movement does the plane joint allow and give example

Multiaxial- inversion/eversion of foot, flexion/extension, lateral extension of vertebral column

ie. joints of foot

What movement does the ball and socket joint allow and give example

Multiaxial, flex/extend, adduct/abduct, circumduction, medial and lateral rotation

ie. shoulder and hip joints

What are the 2 osteogenic pathways that develop bone?

Intramembranous ossification

Endochondral ossification

Intramembranous ossification

• For the bones of skull, facial, clavicles

• Bone develops directly from mesenchymal cells

Endochondral ossification

• For the bones of Base of skull, long bones

• Cartilage serves as a template and is invaded by blood vessels and calcified, forming bone.

• Cartilage does not turn into bone, it is replaced by bone

Reserve zone

Proliferative zone

Cartilage cells rapidly divide and form columns increasing length of cartilage model

maturation and hypertrophy zone

• Chondrocytes enlarge and prepare for matrix calcification

• Lacunae (space with chondrocytes) expands

Zone of calcified matrix

Matrix begins to calcify, area becomes scaffold for bone-forming cells

how bones grow in length

-Cartilage cells are produced by mitosis on epiphyseal side of plate.

-Cartilage cells are destroyed and replaced by bone on diaphyseal plate.

How bones grow in diameter

• Osteoclasts reabsorb old bone in medullary cavity

• Osteoblasts produce new tissue beneath periosteum

Bone modelling vs remodelling

Modelling is the process in which matrix is resorbed on one surface of bone and deposited on another - Primally takes place during a bone's growth

Remodelling is when resorption of old or damaged bone takes place on same surface where osteoblasts lay new bone - Occurs in adult life - Injury and exercise lead to remodelling - 5-10% of skeleton is remodelled annually

Why is exercise good for bones?

Exercises puts stress on bone, breaking down mineral salts and collagen- bone changes weight and size to counter the weight it endures.

vitamins for bone health

Calcium-critical component of bones

Vitamin D- to absorb calcium

K-minerization of bone

Mg- structural component of bone

Fluoride-structural component of bone

Omega-3: reduce inflammation that could interfere with osteoclast function

What does parathyroid hormone and calcitonin do for bone growth?

PTH stimulates osteoclasts so calcium is released from the bones into the blood (increases calcium ion concentration in blood)

Calcitonin inhibits osteoclasts and stimulates calcium uptake by the bones (decreases calcium ion concentration in blood)

Reference range for calcium concentration in the blood

8.5-10.5 mg/dL (2.2-2.7 mM)

Hypocalcaemia

(abnormally low concentrations of calcium) adversely impacts circulation, muscles, nerves and bone

E.g blood has difficulty coagulating, heart may skip beats or stop, muscles have difficulty contracting, bones may become brittle, nerves may have difficulty functioning

Hypercalcaemia

(abnormally high concentrations of calcium) adversely impacts nerves, digestive - E.g nervous system is underactive (lethargy, sluggish reflexes), constipation and loss of appetite, confusion and in severe cases, coma

Cartilage template

• mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes (cartilage cells)

• cartilage is avascular, used for endochondral ossification

Cranial, clavicles and other facial bones develop from which pathway?

Endochondral or Intramembranous ossification?

Intramembranous

Base of skull bones and long bones develop from which pathway?

Endochondral or Intramembranous ossification?

Endochondral ossification

Are most bones in the body formed by endochondral or intramembranous ossification?

Endochondral is most bones- long bones like humerus, femur etc.

What is bone growth controlled by and when does it stop?

• grow until early adulthood

• controlled by hormones

Longitudinal growth of bone happens via Endochondral or Intramembranous ossification?

• Endochondral

• Cartilage divides, enlarges, blood vessels and osteoblasts invade and replace cartilage

Appositional growth of bone happens via Endochondral or Intramembranous ossification?

• Intramembranous

• Because osteoclast in medullary cavity absorb old bone and osteoblasts produce new bone BENEATH periosteum

Calcium benefits for bone health

gives bone hardness

Vitamin D benefits for bone health

Essential for absorbing calcium in small intestine- cannot absorb calcium without it

Vitamin K benefits for bone health

bone mineralisation

Magnesium benefits for bone health

structural component of bone

Fluoride benefits for bone health

structural component of bone

Omega-3 benefits for bone health

reduce inflammation