Complete Physics Handwritten Notes by Zaki Saudagar _ CH1-14 _ CBSE 2023-24

Electric Charge

A physical property of matter that causes it to experience a force when placed in an electromagnetic field; denoted by &/q and measured in Coulomb (C).

Electrostatics

The branch of physics that deals with static electricity, involving the study of forces, fields, and potentials arising from static charges.

Conductor

A substance that can carry or conduct electric charge from one point to another, allowing electricity to flow (e.g., silver, copper).

Insulator

A substance that cannot conduct electricity, also known as dielectrics (e.g., glass, rubber, plastic).

Coulomb's Law

The law stating that the force of interaction between two stationary point charges is directly proportional to the product of their charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

Permittivity

A property of a material that affects the Coulomb force between two point charges placed in that medium.

Electric Field

A vector field produced by an electric charge that indicates the force exerted per unit charge at any point in space.

Electric Dipole Moment

A measure of charge separation in a system of two equal and opposite charges separated by a distance.

Torque on Electric Dipole

The measure of the rotational force experienced by an electric dipole placed in a uniform electric field.

Gauss's Law

The net electric flux through a closed surface is proportional to the charge enclosed by that surface.

Electric Potential Energy

The work done to move a charge against an electric field; it can be expressed using the formula E = ke(q1*q2)/(r^2).

Capacitance

The ability of a system to store electrical energy in an electric field, measured in Farads (F).

Current

The rate of flow of electric charge, measured in amperes (A).

Drift Velocity

The average velocity of charge carriers in a conductor due to an electric field.

Ohm's Law

The principle stating that the current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the voltage across the two points, defined as V = IR.

Photon

An elementary particle representing a quantum of light or other electromagnetic radiation, characterized by energy and momentum.

Photoelectric Effect

The phenomenon where electrons are emitted from a material when it absorbs light or other electromagnetic radiation.

Mass Defect

The difference between the calculated mass of the individual nucleons in a nucleus and the actual measured mass of that nucleus.

Binding Energy

The energy required to separate a nucleus into its individual protons and neutrons.

Intrinsic Semiconductor

A pure semiconductor material with no significant dopant atoms present.

Extrinsic Semiconductor

A semiconductor that has impurities added to it to change its electrical properties.

PN Junction

The interface between p-type and n-type semiconductors, which allows current to flow under certain conditions.

Rectification

The process of converting alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC) using a diode.

Dual Nature of Light

The concept that light exhibits both wave-like and particle-like properties, depending on the situation.