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Civil Liberties

Basic freedoms like speech, religion, and privacy, protected by the Bill of Rights

Civil Rights

Protections against unfair treatment based on race, gender, or other factors

14th Amendment

Citizenship + equal protection, states must treat everyone fairly and follow due process

Dred Scott v. Sandford

Slaves = property, not citizens, so they couldn’t sue

Plessy v. Ferguson

“Separate but equal” is okay, but it wasn’t actually equal

Brown v. Board of Education

Ends school segregation, overturns Plessy

Gitlow v. New York

States must follow free speech rules, first case of selective incorporation

Tinker v. Des Moines

Students can protest in school if it’s not disruptive

Texas v. Johnson

Burning the American flag is protected free speech

Schenck v. U.S.

Speech can be limited if it presents a “clear and present danger”

Engel v. Vitale

Schools cannot have official prayers, even if voluntary

Lemon Test (Lemon v. Kurtzman)

Three-part test to decide if the government is too involved with religion