1509 - 1526 Foreign Policy

what were H8s main aims during this period of his foreign policy

Maximise his family’s prestige, be successful in war, make friends & allies against the French

explain the foreign policy goal maximise family’s prestige

Wanted to maximise his family’s prestige, power & wealth in short and long term. This was the concern of early modern rulers rather than advancing national interest

explain the foreign policy goal be successful in war

demonstrate heroism through famous victories like previous kings of England would have ruled France. H5s son had been crowned King of France - H8 dreamed of reclaiming this

explain the foreign policy aim make friends & allies against the French

H8 wanted to be able to successfully mount a challenge on the European mainland

Wolsey recovered the …. pension in ….

Etaples

1510

how did Wolsey help H8 maximise his families prestige

Wolsey arranged a marriage between H8s younger sister (Mary) and the much older king of France, Louis XII

did H8 succeed in maximising his family’s prestige?

The marriage of Mary to Charles V was repudiated by Charles V in 1525

in what years did H8 invade France

1512, 1513, 1522 & 1523

what was the result of H8s invasion of France in 1512

Was being used by his father-in-law Ferdinand of Aragon & the Holy Roman Emperor, Maximillian - achieved nothing & was used by Ferdinand as a diversionary tactic while he successfully conquered Navarre

what did H8 do in 1512

Sent a substantial army of 10,000 men to southwest France under the command of Marquis of Dorset

what was the result of H8s 1513 invasion of France

successful. Won the Battle of the Spurs (little more than a skirmish but claimed in propaganda to be a stunning victory). Captured the towns of Therouanne and Tournai.

how much did H8s invasion of France in 1513 cost him

£930,000

what happened in September 1513

Anglo-Scottish Conflict in Battle of Flodden. A small English army was put together and capably led by the veteran soldier, the Earl of Surrey

what was the result of the Battle of Flodden 1513

James IV of Scotland was killed & a small English army defeated a large Scottish force. H8 did little to build on the advantage.

when was the Battle of Flodden

September 1513

when was the Battle of the Spurs

1512

what had happened by 1514

H8 had run out of money to continue a warlike foreign policy

what was the result of H8s military adventures in 1513

Little was gained from H8s military adventures: the war was costly & H8 was forced to liquidate assets inherited by his father to pay for it. The French pension was lost. Narrowly avoided a full-scale rebellion in Yorkshire. Tournai was sold back to the French for much less than the English had paid to repair its defences after the siege.

what was the effect of H8 running out of money in 1514

he was unable to exploit the weakness of Scotland following the death of J4 at Flodden & sought peace with France

did H8 succeed his aim of being successful in war?

England remained a minor power & could not compare on level terms with the major powers of France & Spain.

was H8 successful in his invasions of France in 1522 & 1523?

gained little & proved costly (parliament had to grant a extraordinary revenue to cover costs)

What did Wolsey do in 1510

renewed the treaty of Etaples with the French

what was the impact of the renewal of the Treaty of Etaples

Continuation of peace through treaty with France.

what did H8 do in 1512 to aid with his foreign policy aims make allies against the French

Sent the Archbishop of York to Rome to persuade the Pope to enter an alliance against the French

what came of H8s action sending the Archbishop to persuade the Pope to enter an alliance against the French?

The Archbishop of York’s efforts led to the creation of the Holy League which joined England, Spain, the Holy Roman Empire, Venice & the Papacy in an anti-French alliance

what did H8 do in 1515

H8 tried to seek an alliance with Ferdinand of Aragon when Francis I assumed the throne

why was H8 unable to ally with Ferdinand of Aragon in 1515

Ferdinand (Spain) & Maximilian (HRE) made separate peace with France in 1414

what was the impact of French-Scottish relations on Anglo-Scottish relations

The Auld Alliance between France & Scotland remained strong (when England & France were on amicable terms, there tended to be few issues with Anglo-Scottish relations - clashes between England & France led to increased tensions between England & Scotland)

what happened in 1518

Wolsey agreed to the Treaty of London in 1518 prompted by Pope Leo X (wanted a united Christian front against Ottoman Turks)

was the Treaty of London successful

The Treaty of London 1518 developed into a treaty of perpetual peace & was a non-aggression pact between England, Spain, France, HRE & smaller states

what happened in 1516 that left England isolated

Spain & HRE agreed to the Treaty of Cambrai with the French

give examples of England being in good relations with French

After a non-aggression pact, H8 agreed to return Tournai to France. France agreed to pay the English a pension to compensate for its loss of Tournai & agreed to keep the Duke of Albany (French noble who was heir presumptive to throne) out of Scotland.

what happened in June 1520

Field of the Cloth of Gold

was the Field of the Cloth of Gold successful

 achieved nothing in diplomatic terms

what did Wolsey negotiate in August 1521

the Treaty of Bruges with the HRE

when was the Treaty of Bruges

August 1521

why did the Treaty of Bruges come about

Conflict arose between Francis I & Charles V

the Treaty of Bruges involved a…

marriage alliance between Mary & Charles V

what was the result of the marriage alliance outlined in the Treaty of Bruges 1521

repudiated by Charles V in 1525

was the treaty of Bruges successful

Fracturing of the Anglo-Imperial Alliance after Charles V rejected H8s idea to launch a joint invasion of northern France

H8 leant support to the League of …

Cognac

what was the League of Cognac

put together by the Pope to counterbalance the HRE power in northern Italy

why did H8s support of the League of Cognac backfire on him

H8s support of the League of Cognac created a new complication in foreign policy with the emergence of the King’s Great Matter - made H8 an object of suspicion to the whole of Catholic Europe