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What is Cognitive Psychology?
The scientific study of the mind, focusing on internal processes involved in understanding the environment and making decisions.
What are the key areas of cognition studied in Cognitive Psychology?
Memory, attention, learning, language, perception, problem solving, and decision making.
Who is considered the father of experimental psychology?
Wilhelm Wundt, who established the first laboratory of scientific psychology.
What is Voluntarism in psychology?
Wundt's concept that emphasizes the role of will and intention in mental processes.
What is analytic introspection?
A method used by Wundt and Titchener where trained participants describe their experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli.
What is the main criticism of introspection as a research method?
It is difficult to test and relies on subjective reports.
What did William James contribute to psychology?
He founded functionalism, focusing on the adaptive significance of mental processes and theorized about memory types.
What is the difference between primary and secondary memory according to William James?
Primary memory refers to short-term memory, while secondary memory refers to long-term memory.
What was John Watson's contribution to psychology?
He founded the school of behaviorism, emphasizing observable behavior and learning through conditioning.
What initiated the Cognitive Revolution in psychology?
A decline in behaviorism's influence, influenced by critiques of behaviorist theories and advancements in cognitive research.
What is the scientific method in research?
A systematic approach to investigate cause and effect relationships by manipulating one variable to observe its effect on another.
What is ecological validity?
The extent to which research findings can be generalized to real-world settings.
What is Experimental Cognitive Psychology?
Lab-based research that measures accuracy or speed of cognitive performance, often facing issues of ecological validity.
What techniques are used in Cognitive Neuroscience?
Event-related potentials (ERPs), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).
What is Cognitive Neuropsychology?
The study of cognitive performance patterns in both neurotypical individuals and those with neurological impairments.
What is Computational Cognitive Neuroscience?
The use of computer programming to model cognitive functions, incorporating brain and behavioral evidence.
What are some issues in Computational Cognitive Neuroscience?
Bonini's paradox, difficulty in falsification, overfitting, and the influence of emotional and motivational factors.
What is the Replication Crisis in psychology?
A situation where many psychological studies cannot be replicated, often due to questionable research practices and publication bias.
What are some proposed solutions to the Replication Crisis?
Open science practices, preregistration of studies, and registered reports for journal acceptance prior to data collection.
What is top-down processing?
A cognitive process influenced by expectations and prior knowledge rather than solely by the stimulus.
How does knowledge affect our behavior and decision-making?
Previous experiences create expectations that influence how we process information and make choices.
What are the main components of cognitive psychology's history?
Key figures include Wundt, Titchener, James, Watson, and Skinner, each contributing to the understanding of mental processes.
What is the role of attention in cognitive psychology?
Attention is crucial for focusing on relevant stimuli and avoiding distractions during cognitive tasks.
How can studying strategies improve memory?
Effective studying techniques can enhance retention and recall of information for exams.
What factors contribute to distractions while studying?
Individual differences in attention control and environmental factors can affect concentration.
What is the significance of George Miller's work in cognitive psychology?
He introduced the concept of the 'magic number 7' in short-term memory, highlighting limits on information processing.
What is Broadbent's model of attention?
An information processing model that describes how attention functions in cognitive tasks.