APSUH ACTS AND TREATY AND IMPORTANT TERMS UNIT 3

(Note to anyone else using this set: there are some terms that may be missing because this set was made for myself)

Embargo Act of 1807

A law that prohibited American ships from trading in all foreign ports, aimed at compelling Britain and France to respect American neutrality during the Napoleonic Wars.

Non-Intercourse Act

A law that replaced the Embargo Act of 1807, allowing trade with all countries except Britain and France, aimed at protecting American interests without provoking a war.

Macon’s Bill No. 2

A law that reopened trade with both Britain and France while promising to restore trade restrictions if either country recognized American neutrality.

Treaty of Ghent

The treaty that ended the War of 1812 between the United States and Great Britain, restoring relations and territorial boundaries to their pre-war status.

The Rush-Bagot Treaty

a treaty between the United States and Great Britain that limited naval armaments on the Great Lakes and established a demilitarized boundary.

Tariff of 1816

A protective tariff implemented by the United States to support American industry by raising the cost of imported goods.

Land Act of 1820

-also did not accept credit, full cash payment only

-A federal law that reduced the minimum price of public land and allowed for easier settlement in the western territories, promoting westward expansion.

Tallmadge Amendment

An amendment proposed in 1819 that aimed to prohibit slavery in Missouri and gradually free existing slaves.(Slave alr in state can stay but it js banned new slaves going in)

• McCulloch vs. Maryland (1819)

• A landmark Supreme Court case that established federal supremacy over state laws and affirmed the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States.

-Maryland’s attempt to destroy Bank of U.S. by taxing currency

• Cohens vs. Virginia (1821)

• A Supreme Court case that asserted the Supreme Court's authority to review state court decisions, reinforcing federal judicial power over state laws.

• This case involved the Cohens brothers, who were convicted in Virginia for selling lottery tickets authorized by Congress.

• Gibbons vs. Ogden (1824)

-A Supreme Court case that clarified the scope of Congress's authority of interstate commerce, affirming federal power over interstate commerce.

-New York had granted a private group a monopoly on waterborne commerce between New York and New Jersey

• Fletcher vs. Peck (1810)

-A landmark Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review by invalidating a state law for the first time, thus affirming the sanctity of contracts and protecting property rights.

-Georgia fraudulently granted 35 million acres to private inventors. Masses were mad.

• Dartmouth College vs. Woodward (1819)

• A Supreme Court case that ruled against New Hampshire's attempt to alter Dartmouth College's charter, reinforcing the principle that states cannot interfere with private contracts.

• Business contracts must stand.

Monroe Doctrine

A U.S. policy established in 1823 asserting that European nations should not interfere in the affairs of the Americas, warning against further colonization and intervention.

Russo-American Treaty

An 1824 agreement between the United States and Russia that defined borders in the Pacific Northwest and established the rights of American ships in Russian American territory.

War of 1812

-Tensions of brits arose when brits captured US ships to use for impressment for the napoleonic wars.

-During war, Brits want to DC and burned many buildings.

-U.S. started with a three pronged attack which was bad since brits used this in the 7 years war and it didn’t work out

-Winning of Baltimore where we defended Fort McHenry which caused Fancis Scott Key to write the star spangled banner

-Protecting of New orleans from Jackson caused a new rave of nationalism. People mistook the victory of new orleans to be the cause of the end of the war. Brits wanted a indian buffer state, control of the great lakes, and parts of Maine that had been conquered but negotiator Q. Adams refused.  

-Treaty of Ghent ended the war without territorial changes.

-While the capture of new orleans seems guaranteed, Hartford Convention was held by New England Federalists to discuss grievances regarding the war, fearing it would diminish their political power. They wanted compensation from Washington and a new amendment that needed 2/3 majority for the implementation of any embargos except during an invasion. 

When New Orleans as defended, their proposals did not nullify. Feds retreated, now branding feds as possible traitors. 

-This convention was shown as possibly the death of the federalists.

-Rush-Bagot treaty implemented which made boundaries between canada and America.

Tariff of 1828

• Inc duties of raw mats up to 40%

• Scheme by jacksonians to make Q, Adams look bad

• Had actually passed and jacksonians outraged, called it the Tariff of Abominations.

-John C Calhoun wrote the South Caroline Exposition which announced for the compact theory

Tariff of 1832

-Nullies

-Reduced most absurd parts of tariff of 1828

-Nullies declared the tariff voiding within South Caroline’s boundaries.

-Also threatened secession which could have cause a civil war

-Jackson wanted to “hang the nullifiers”

Tariff of 1833

-Compromise

-Clay proposed tariff of 1833 which would gradually reduce the tariff of 1832.

-alongside this, the force bull or the bloody bill also passed which authorized the president to use the army to collect tariffs.

-Unionists felt they had won by averting war, while Nullies believed they had succeeded by lowering the tariff

American system

-Henry Clay

-protective tariffs, national bank, internal improvements

Economic Panic of 1819

-During monroe presidency in 1816

-deflation, depression, bankruptcies, bank failures, caused by over speculation in land

-interrupted the era of good feelings caused by Monroe’s presidency where it was the first one party rule.

Jackson’s presidency and the indian problems

-US population increasing a lot

-needing more land

-made treaties with indians to acquire land, tho there was deception.

-Humanitarians wanted to christianize indians(Society for Propagating the Gospel Among Indians).

-Cherokees actually adopted to american customs

-Even drafted a constitution

-Congress didn’t like Cherokee council, but they won their case. 

-Jackson also didn’t like that and had proposed moving themt ot he west of the Mississippi to preserve their culture. 

-Passed the indian removal act which relocated indians to Oklahoma. 

-Caused the Trail of Tears. 

Indian Removal Act

Relocated indians to Oklahoma

Jackson’s distrust in banking

-jackson distrusted monopolistic banking

-Clay wanted to recharter the BUS 4 years early, jackson VETO’d

-Nicholas Biddle, led the BUS, hards toward wildcat banks, lent funds to people to gain/influence which makes the BUS appear corrupt. 

-Jackson also hostile toward internal improvements(Maysville Road Veto)

Anti-Masonic Party

-anti-elitist, populist, advocate for gov transparency

-Jackson is a Mason

Presidency of 1836

-first time, national conventions held to nominate candidates.

-Jackson more popular to commoners

-Clay more popular with the elites

-Jacksonians rebanded to democrats.

-new party formed, Whigs

Whigs had Willian B. Harrison, Jackson had Martin Van Buren.

-Buren won.

Panic of 1837

-economic pressure

-Jackson initiated the withdrawal of federal funds from the BUS to diminish its wealth, prompting Biddle to recall loans.

-By 1836, the BUS was defunct, and unregulated "wildcat banks" proved unreliable, leading to difficult economic times

-loans from "wildcat banks," rampant overspeculation, the "Bank War," and the Specie Circular (a requirement to purchase land with gold and silver, which drained specie from the East)

-failure of more backs, even jackson’s pet banks

-Buren proposed the Divorce Bill 

Divorce Bill

-separating the gov from the banking system, storing fed funds in city banks

-independent treasury bill(1840)

Texas, Mexico, and US settlement

-mexico got independence

-Stephen Austin settled 300 families in Texas

-They were expected to be mexican citizens meaning practice catholicism and no slavery. 

-Conditions ignored, mexico angry

-Santa Anna army to suppress Texans, leading to independence

-Lone Star Rebellion(massacres in Alamo and Goliad)

-Santa Anna captured and treaty signed.

-Anna claimed treaty invalid due to duress

-Jackson did not want to recognize Texas’ independence until Van Buren’s election where he accepted it’s independence on his last day.

-Texas sought to join the union but blocked due to the issue of slavery(equal balance needed)

Election of 1840

-Van Buren re-elected by Democrats

-William Harrison and John Tyler nominated by the Whigs

-Harrison popular due to battle in Tippecanoe and Battle of Thames(Chapter 11)

-Slogan “Tippecanoe and Tyler too” Emphasized the poor man image

-Harrison won the election

Politicians started to appeal to appeal more to the masses relating to being more common

Jacksonian Democracy

Jacksonian Democracy championed governance by "the people," with the New Democracy, based on universal manhood suffrage, arguing that even with mistakes, the people would not be victims of aristocratic domination. This flourishing democracy was driven in part by the growth of egalitarian(all people are equal and deserve equal rights and opportunities) ideas from colonial times and the steady expansion of the market economy, leading more people to understand and take interest in issues like banks, tariffs, and internal improvements. During the Jacksonian era, voter turnout dramatically increased, political parties evolved, and new styles of politicking emerged. In 1824, only about one-quarter of eligible voters participated, a number that doubled in four years. More members of the Electoral College were chosen directly by the people rather than by state legislatures.

Two party system

Democrats - individual liberties and state’s rights, more appeal to common folk

Whigs - Favored national bank, tariffs, internal improvements, public schools, more supported by the wealthy, but Whigs thinks their ideas help everyone unlike the feds

-Catch all phrases starting to become more popular.

Jackson’s cabinet Scandal

-jackson’s cabinet was not rlly good except Marshall.

-Secretary of War John Eaton married Peggy O’Neale linked ot scandal. 

-Made other cabinet wives dislike her. 

-Jackson’s demands made every one leave except Van Buren, showing jackson’s subborness

Webster-Hayne Forensic Duel

-concerns about power and population draining towards the west

-New Eng proposed the halt of sale of public lands

-Hayne of South Carolina highlights New England’s past actions like the Hartford Convention and the Tariff of Abominations. 

-Webster of New England countered saying the constitution was framed by the people not the states. Made the famous line" “Liberty and Union, new and forever, one and inseparable.”

-Webster’s speech and his ideas from preserving the Union, later referred to as “Webterian cement for the Union". Influenced many even, Abraham Lincoln.

-states' rights versus federal authority and the nature of the Union.

Irish Potato Famine

-claimed 2 million lives

-caused mass exodus(mass leaving of immigrants)

Immigration of the US(Irish)

-mostly Irish and Germans

-irish lived in major cities like Boston and NY, Ny being the most.

-Old Stock americans hated irish cuz of the taking of jobs, and also Catholicism 

-Irish mostly took the lowest paying jobs

-IRish laso hatred of african americans because of the job threats. 

-Eventually achieve the american dream and also allowed to vote which caused old stock americans more resentment.

Immigration of the US(Germans)

-driven by crop failures and democratic revolutions by their country

-Germans more generally more rich more than irish.

-Enabling them to purchase land in the west like wisconsin.

-also allowed to vote, but then generally votes all in unison(voted for a single person)

-Advocated for public education and anti-slavery.

-also bated by old stock americans

Nativists

-prejudiced group opposing newcomers, fearing threats to jobs, political influence, and religious traditions

-formed the "Order of the Star-Spangled Banner," a secret society also known as the "Know-Nothing" party

Industrial Revolution in the US

-was a powerhouse, though most still remained agrarian

-succeeded cuz of cheap land, a lot of raw mats

-labor was scarce but the rise of immigrants rmoved that problem. 

-Competition from britian arrived, had a textile monopoly

-showed a lot of ingenuity

-principle of limited liability for investing

-apprentice system

-

Samuel Slater

-”Father of the factory system”

-First cotton thread spinner

-worked but there was a insufficient amount of cotton

Eli Whitney

-cotton gin

-revolutionized cotton production

-caused inc slavery

-introduced machine made interchangable parts for muskets

Elias Howe, Isaac Singer

-sewing machine

Industrial revolution north and south differences

Cotton became immensely profitable, fostering the flourishing "cotton kingdom" in the South. Northern factories, with their dense labor force, access to maritime routes, and water power, were ideally situated to process this raw material.(Ex: eli for his changeable part for muskets, led a foundation for assembly lines)

Samuel Morse

telegraph

The Massachusetts Supreme Court case of Commonwealth vs. Hunt (1842)

-granted unions the right to exist if their objectives were honorable

Women in the industrial revolution

-women worked in factories in nursing, teaching, domestic service

-arising idea of “domestic feminism”

-families become smaller

-family became more child centered and more affectionate.

Trans-Allegheny Region

-Ohio, indiana, Illinois is that nation’s bread basket having corn and pigs

John Deere

-steel plow

-can cut through dense soil

-can be pulled by horses

Cyrus McCormick

-mechanical mower-reaper

-this started to focus on cash crops leading to specialization

Transportation in the industrial revolution

-Cumberland road

-Robert Fulton’s stream engine made canals to ways streets

-Erie canal connected the great lakes to the hudson river which opened up trade to NYC

-First railroad made faced opposition from investors who invested on the Erie Canal.

Market Revolution

-farm to factory

-rural to urban

Deism

-prioritized reason over revelation and science over the Bible, rejected original sin and Christ’s divinity while affirming a supreme being who created the universe.

Unitarian Faith

-emphasized God existed within each person rather than as an orthodox trinity

- goodness of human nature, free will, and salvation through good works, portraying God as a loving father and appealing greatly to intellectuals

Thomas Paine’s religious remarks 

-Written the Age of Reason 

-contended that churches were designed to terrify and enslave humanity, monopolizing power and money

Second Great Awakening

-wave of spiritual fervor 

-reformed of prisons, education, churches

-more women’s rights, abolitionism

-was spread through camp meetings, reigning evangelism.

Similar to the First Great Awakening, the Second Great Awakening widened the divides along class and regional lines, especially concerning the issue of slavery.

Joseph Smith 

-developed the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Mormons)

-there was hatred towards mormans cuz of polygamy, voting as a unit, 

-Smith killed and his brother Brigham Young led the Mormans to Utah 

-The practice of polygamy by mormans also delayed the statehood of Utah

Education in the the 2nd great awakening

-Tax-funded education was disliked.

-though was accepted cuz people thought the “brat” would soon be able to vote and that could affect everything

-math, greek, latin, philosophy taught

-men believed education on women can be harmful

-Emma Willard founded the Troy Female Seminary in 1821, and Mount Holyoke Seminary was established in 1837, providing educational opportunities for women.

Treatment of the mentally' ill, and the people in prisons

-mentally ill, who were often treated abysmally

- Dorothea Dix, whose 1843 petition in Massachusetts highlighted their deplorable conditions(wanted to treat people in asylums better).

Alcohol banning

-widespread drunkenness

-American Temperance Society advocated 

-two main approaches: advocating for individual temperance and pushing for legislation to remove temptation entirely.

-Neal S. Dow, known as the “Father of Prohibition,” sponsored the Maine Law of 1851, which prohibited the manufacture and sale of liquor. However, these laws were frequently ignored.

Women in the 2nd great awakening

.