raws

made up of a group of sentences that are united. (it has unity)

paragraph

every sentence connects to one main idea and flows together as one unit

coherence

a paragraph always needs a topic sentence that clearly states the main idea is for that particular paragraph. this topic sentence will help the reader know what will be discussed in that paragraph

unity

when the topic sentence is written clearly, it is easier to write the rest of the paragraph

unity

• each sentence should add more information about the main idea, and all of the sentences should help to develop main idea.

• do not add any unrelated information into the paragraph

unity

the sentences should be connected to each other

coherence

connects your ideas so that your paragaraph will be unified

transition words

uses transition words

coherence

important parts of a well-developed english paragraph

unity and coherence

• As the act of forming a whole unit​

• A subset of coherence ​

• Focused on grammatical aspect of writing ​

• Degree to which sentences are connected

cohesion

• Quality of being logical, consistent and able to be understood.​

• Rhetorical aspects of writing which include developing and supporting your argument,

• Synthesizing and integrating reading, organizing and clarifying ideas.

coherence

logical order

coherence

helpful links

cohesion

defined as the set of resources for constructing relations in discourse which transcend grammatical structure. (halliday, 1994)

cohesion

6 main ways that cohesion is created in text (Halliday and Hassan 1976)

• Reference ​

• Substitution ​

• Ellipsis​

• Lexical Chains​

• Cohesive nouns​

• Conjunction

• personal pronouns

• demonstratives (near and far)

• comparatives

• the definite articles

reference

uses a word/phrase to replace a word/phrase used earlier

substitution

omitting words because it is already understood in the context.

ex: i can play basketball and he can too

ellipses

• One word is related to another.​

• Sequence of related words in writing

lexical chain

• A kind of lexical reference​

• Can summarize many words​

• Can be used to signal what is to come or can refer back.

cohesive nouns

ex: firstly, next, moreover, however, but, etc..

conjunction

• About creating texts that make sense and are logical.​

• comes from making logical connections between ideas in each part of the text and context.

coherence

achieving coherent text (5)

• Clarify the meaning​

• Indicate a change of topic​

• Headings and subheadings ​

• Layout​

• Formatting

this is where you can see connections

cohesion

this is where you infer connections, and it is a feature of cohesive texts, but text can be cohesive without being coherent.

coherence

patterns of development (7)

• description

• definition

• classification and exemplification

• comparison and contrast

• cause and effect

• persuasion

• problem-solution

pattern of development, which goes into details about a specific object, person, or location, in order to firmly set its appearance.

“what does it look like?” “what are its characteristics?”

description

characteristics of description (3)

• has a clear focus and sense of purpose

• uses sensory details and precise words

• present details in a logical order

varieties of description (2)

1. objective description

2. subjective description

• looks into factual and scientific characteristics of what is being described as objectively as possible

• the writer stays away from emotional impressions or responses and instead, describes the scene as it is

objective description

• the author would normally use to “paint a picture” of how he sees a character, or how he wants the reader to see a character

• also used in literary discourse when tehre is stereotyped image that can be attributed to a person, place, or an event

subjective description

explains not just what something means or is, but also what something does, what something is used for, what something looks like, etc.

definition

varieties of definition (2)

• scientific definition

• subjective definition

defines concepts in the most factual way, which is often used in scientific, proper, or real world facts

scientific definition

• defines the objects in a more personal way

• usually derived from the author’s own experiences and opinion

• often used by a writer to state something from the point of view of the characters or in relation to the setting

subjective definition

• divides things into groups, classes,exem or categories.

• Organizes ideas into divisions, based on criteria and standards.

classification

• provides examples and illustrations in order to further clarify or explain the concept or subject matter

• presents the general statement and then provides specific and concrete examples to expound on the main idea

exemplification

Organizes ideas based on how events, people, places, things are similar to or different from one another.

comparison and contrast

two ways to compare and contrast

• separately

• side-by-side

involves describing one item first followed by the second item.

separately

involves discussing both items based on its point of comparison.

side-by-side

explains why something happens  or what results a particular event produces.

cause and effect

convinces readers to agree to an argument or claim about a particular topic.

persuasion

focuses on either  a problem or solution  in a particular area or situation

problem-solution