AP HUG Unit 2: Population & Migration Vocabulary

Ecumene

The habitable areas of the world

Age cohort

A population group unified by a specific common characteristic such as age, and subsequently treated as a statistical unit

Arithmetic density

Total population/land area

Physiological density

Total Population/arable land

Agricultural density

Farmers/arable land

Redistricting

Process of redrawing electoral district boundaries after the census

Carrying Capacity

The maximum population size and environment can sustain

High population density

pressures on the arable land, water, resources, and food supply

Dependency ratio

The number of people in a dependent age group divided by the number of people in the working age group multiplied by 100

Sex ratio

The proportion of males to female in a population

Crude Birth rate (CBR)

The annual number of life births in one year per 1000 people

Crude death rate (CDR)

the annual number of deaths in one year per 1000 people

total fertility rate (TFR)

Average number of children who would be born per woman during her child bearing years

Life expectancy

The number of years the average person will live

Infant mortality rate (IMR)

The number of children who died before one year of age

Natural Increase rate (NIR)

CBR - CDR/10

Immigrants

People who moved into a country

Emigrants

People that move out of the country

Doubling time

The number of years in which a population will double assuming the growth rate remains stable

Equation: 70/NIR

The Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

Use by geographers to analyze and predict trends in population growth and decline, including patterns of birth rates, death rates, and natural increase rates

The Epidemiological Transition Model (ETM)

Predictable stages and disease in life expectancy that countries experience as they develop which corresponds within stages of the DTM

Demography

The study of population statistics

Malthusian Theory

Population grows exponentially while food output only grows arithmetically. This would result in a food shortage and famine due to overpopulation.

Boserup’s Claim

food supply is impacted directly by population growth. As population increases humans will develop new technologies to also increase production of food supply

Neo

New

Pro-Natalist Population Policies

Government programs designed to increase the fertility rate and accelerate population growth

Anti-Natalist Population Policies

government programs designed to decrease the fertility rate and slow down population growth

Migration

The permanent or semi-permanent relocation of people from one place to another

Immigration

the movement into a location

Emigration

The movement away from a location

Push factors

Negative circumstances, events, or conditions present in the location that causes people move away

Pull factors

Positive conditions and circumstances of a location that encourages people to move to that place

Intervening Obstacle

Barriers that hold migrants back from continuing to travel

Intervening Opportunity

an opportunity that causes migrants to voluntarily stop traveling

Voluntary Migration

People migrate due to their own choices

Involuntary Migration

People relocate due to fears of violence or survival

Transnational migration

Migration from one country to another country

Internal migration

Migrants that travel within a countries’s borders, much more likely than transnational migration

Transhumance migration

traditional migration of nomadic herder that move their livestock from high elevations in the summer and lower elevations in the winter

Chain migration

Immigrants migrate to a location based off of the recommendation of or reunification with family members, friends, or community members that have previously migrated to that location

Step migration

Migration typically occurs in steps, migrants reach their eventual destination through a series of smaller movements

Rural to Urban migration

Most typical kind of migration trend, up to 55% of people live in urban areas today

Guest worker

Migrants who travel internationally in order to find work as temporary laborers typically for a short period of time because the jobs cannot be filled by a country’s own labor force

Refugees

Someone who has been forced to flee his or her country because of persecution, war, or violence

Internally, Displaced Persons

Someone who has been forced to flee their home, but never crosses an international border

Asylum seekers

When people flee their own country and seek sanctuary in another country, they apply for asylum

Brain Drain

Loss of trained or educated people due to emigration

Cultural Contributions

Immigrants bring aspects of their home culture with them

Age composition

Most immigrants are working-age which reduces the dependency ratios and provides tax support for the young and elderly

Immigration Restrictions

Laws to restrict immigration, oftentimes due to xenophobia or the desire to limit cultural diver

Neo Malthusianism

Concerns about sustainable use of the environment - the earth resources cannot only sustain an infinite population.

Sun belt

US region, southeastern and southwestern states that have grown the most drastically since WWII

Rust belt

Northern industrial states of the US where heavy industry was once dominant economic activity

Cotton Belt

Where the American South used to be known as, cotton historically dominated the agricultural economy