PSYCHOPARMACOLOGY

describes the need for increased doses to achieve the same initial effect.

Tolerance

refers to a stronger response to the same drug dose over time

Sensitization

effects are often the opposite of the drug effect and often accompanies tolerance

Withdrawal

The scientific study of the effects of drugs on the mind and behavior

Psychopharmacology

the study of drug absorption, distribution within body, and drug elimination

Pharmacokinetics

4 steps of Pharmacokinetics

1. Absorption 2. Distribution 3. Metabolism 4. Excretion

It depicts the relation between drug dose and magnitude of drug effect.

Dose Response Curve

Happens when the biological response to a drug diminishes when it is given continuously or repeatedly.

Desensitization

Refers to the magnitude of the difference, which is known as the effect size.

Practical Significance

Four Transmitter Substances

Synthesized, Stored, Released, Terminated

Two Types of Drug Action on Receptors

Direct Antagonist and Antagonist

It is a key process whereby presynaptic neurotransmitter release drives electrical and biochemical signals via opening of postsynaptic channels.

Synaptic transmission

It regulate the amount of neurotransmitters released from the axon terminal

Presynaptic autoreceptors

Two main types of antipsychotic medications

Typical and Atypical Antipsychotics

A collection of symptoms like hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thoughts, where reality feels distorted.

Psychosis

Crucial medications that help manage these symptoms by influencing brain chemicals, primarily dopamine and serotonin.

Antipsychotics

a neurotransmitter, is central to the dopamine hypothesis, suggesting that changes in dopamine function in the brain contribute to the unusual behavior and experiences linked with psychosis.

Dopamine

Primarily target dopamine receptors, effective for controlling positive symptoms like hallucinations.

Typical Antipsychotics (First Generation)

Target both dopamine and serotonin, potentially offering broader symptom control with reduced side effects.

Atypical Antipsychotics (Second Generation)

Type of medicine used to treat clinical depression.

Antidepressants

A class of medications primarily used to treat bipolar disorder, a condition characterized by extreme mood swings

mood stabilizers

It delves into the interplay between our brain chemistry and medications used to treat anxiety.

Anxiolytics

The entrance of drugs into the body.

Absorption

depends on how soluble the drug molecule is in fat and on the extent to which the drug binds to blood proteins

Distribution

It refers to an intervention's or drug's ability to produce the desired effect under expert supervision and ideal conditions.

Drug Effectiveness

are terms used in pharmacology and clinical research to describe different aspects of a drug's performance, especially in the context of clinical trials and real-world use.

Efficacy and Effectiveness

is the ratio of LD50 to ED50 and is an important measure of the safety of a drug.

Therapeutic Index

is a measure used in pharmacology to indicate the dose of a drug or treatment that produces a therapeutic effect in 50% of the population or test subjects.

ED50 or Effective dose 50%

is a measure in toxicology that shows how deadly a substance is.

LD50 or Lethal dose 50%

refers to the difference between the effective dose (ED) that produces a therapeutic effect and the toxic dose (TD) that induces adverse effects.

margin of safety

8 major neurotransmitters

1.Glutamate 2. GABA 3. Acetylocholine 4. Dopamine 5. Adrenaline 6. Serotonin 7. Endorphins 8. Noradrenaline