week 18 - Interacting with Tough Content, Self-care, and Wellness

adherence

In health, it is the ability of a patient to maintain a health behavior prescribed by a physician. This might include taking medication as prescribed, exercising more, or eating less high-fat food.

behavioural medicine

A field similar to health psychology that integrates psychological factors (e.g., emotion, behavior, cognition, and social factors) in the treatment of disease. This applied field includes clinical areas of study, such as occupational therapy, hypnosis, rehabilitation or medicine, and preventative medicine.

biofeedback

The process by which physiological signals, not normally available to human perception, are transformed into easy-to-understand graphs or numbers. Individuals can then use this information to try to change bodily functioning (e.g., lower blood pressure, reduce muscle tension).

biomedical model of health

A reductionist model that posits that ill health is a result of a deviation from normal function, which is explained by the presence of pathogens, injury, or genetic abnormality.

biopyschosocial model of health

An approach to studying health and human function that posits the importance of biological, psychological, and social (or environmental) processes.

emotion-focused coping vs. problem-focused coping

Coping strategy aimed at reducing the negative emotions associated with a stressful event.

vs. A set of coping strategies aimed at improving or changing stressful situations.

general adaptation syndrome

A three-phase model of stress, which includes a mobilization of physiological resources phase, a coping phase, and an exhaustion phase (i.e., when an organism fails to cope with the stress adequately and depletes its resources).

hostility

An experience or trait with cognitive, behavioral, and emotional components. It often includes cynical thoughts, feelings of emotion, and aggressive behavior.

psychoneuroimmunology

A field of study examining the relationship among psychology, brain function, and immune function.

psychosomatic medicine

An interdisciplinary field of study that focuses on how biological, psychological, and social processes contribute to physiological changes in the body and health over time.

self efficacy

The belief that one can perform adequately in a specific situation.

social integration

The size of your social network, or number of social roles (e.g., son, sister, student, employee, team member).

social support

The perception or actuality that we have a social network that can help us in times of need and provide us with a variety of useful resources (e.g., advice, love, money).

type A vs. type B behaviour

Type A Behavior

Type A behavior is characterized by impatience, competitiveness, neuroticism, hostility, and anger.

Type B Behavior

Type B behavior reflects the absence of Type A characteristics and is represented by less competitive, aggressive, and hostile behavior patterns.

Mahesh is a supervisor, father, husband, brother, best friend, and president of his local community watch group. He would be rated as rather high in ______.

• social loafing

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• control dimension

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• self-efficacy

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• Type B traits

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• social integration

social integration

adaptation

The fact that after people first react to good or bad events, sometimes in a strong way, their feelings and reactions tend to dampen down over time and they return toward their original level of subjective well-being.

“bottom-up” or external causes of happiness vs. “top-down” or internal causes of happiness

Situational factors outside the person that influence his or her subjective well-being, such as good and bad events and circumstances such as health and wealth.

vs. The person’s outlook and habitual response tendencies that influence their happiness—for example, their temperament or optimistic outlook on life.

life satisfaction

A person reflects on their life and judges to what degree it is going well, by whatever standards that person thinks are most important for a good life.

subjective well-being

The name that scientists give to happiness—thinking and feeling that our lives are going very well.

subjective well-being

Self-report surveys or questionnaires in which participants indicate their levels of subjective well-being, by responding to items with a number that indicates how well off they feel.

Which of the BIG 5 personality dimensions is most associated with being a cause of positive feelings?

• a high level neuroticism

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• a low level of agreeableness

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• a moderate level of conscientiousness

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• a high level of extraversion

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•  a low level of avoidance orientation

a high level of extraversion

Sufficient material and social resources, as well as living in a desirable society, are three external (or ______) influences of subjective well-being.

• constructivist

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• bottom-up

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• structuralist

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• top-down

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• gestalt

bottom up

describe the biopsychosocial model of health

– approach to studying health and human function that stresses the importance of biological, psychological, and social processes

describe the biomedical model of health

older model that argued that illness is a deviation from normal function, which can be explained by physical factors like pathogens, injury, and genetic abnormality

define the three stages of general adaptation syndrome, the three-phase model of stress

• alarm: centers around the autonomic nervous system

• resistance: sympathetic nervous system is stimulated

• exhaustion: resistance falls drastically if exposure to the stressor continues for an extended period of time

name the four coping strategies:

• Problem-Focused Coping – aimed at improving or changing a stressful event

• Emotion-Focused Coping – aimed at reducing the negative emotions associated with a stressful event

• Proactive Coping – used early to reduce or prevent future stressful events

• Stress Inoculation – exposure to mild stressors to prepare more extreme stressors in the future

biofeedback

process by which physiological signals are transformed into easy-to understand graphs or numbers that help individuals change bodily functioning

state and describe the three types of happiness

life satisfaction: caused by good income, achieveing one’s goals, and high self-esteem

high positive feelings: caused by supportive friends, interesting work, and an extroverted personality

low negative feelings: caused by low neuroticism, harmonious goals and a positive outlook

what are the four outcomes of high subjective well-being?

health and longevity, stable and supportive social relationships, productivity and citizenship