Neural Substrates Final Exam

holism

the school of thought that espouses that the brain works as an integrative whole

plasticity property of the brain

1. the brain can reorganize itself following damage

2. the ability to reorganize is greater at younger ages

3. the brain never stops changing itself

synaptic pruning occurs

postnatally only

synaptogenesis occurs

pre- and postnatally and continues throughout life

experience dependent

neural connections that are made in response to unique/individual experiences

a possible reason for the cause of autism

inappropriate development of neural circuitry

glial cells

cells that help the neurons migrate as they disperse from the neural tube

teens rely more on feelings and impulses than logic and planning because their frontal lobes are not fully mature due to:

the axons in the frontal lobes are not fully myelinated until the mid 20s

what do the vocal folds do when you breathe?

abduction

synaptic pruning

the process in which extra connections between neurons are eleminated

what changes to the aging brain result in normal loss of memory, attention, learning and language skills?

1. cortical thinning

2. decrease in neurotransmitter levels

3. loss of plasticity

ectoderm

the embryonic layer which will later form the nervous system

the jerky uncontrolled movements of infants and toddlers are due too

initial separate systems of sensory, motor, cognition, and emotion

the bending of your knee is an example of what kind of muscle action?

flexion

knowledge of neuroanatomy and neurphysiology is important for you because:

1. it allows you to communicate with neurologists

2. helps you to predict what problems a patient with a neurological disorder will have

3. it allows you to choose appropriate tests and treatments

the neuron doctrine

established that each neuron is a separate cell

tracts

large numbers of axons that course together in the CNS

nerves

large numbers of axons that course together in the PNS

terminal boutons

contain the neurotransmitters

function of myelin

1. insulation of nerve fibers

2. protection of nerve fibers

3. prevention of electrical energy loss during action potential conduction

neurons are similar to other cells in the body except

neurons produce a chemical substance released at the synapse

williams syndrome

neurodevelopmental disorder where language skills are not affected

neuronal differences found in the brains of at least 50% of autistic children

1. amygdala is larger

2. fusiform gyrus has altered neurons and neuronal connections

3. the cerebral cortex has altered neurons and neuronal connections

ventral/inferior

synonyms when referring to the brain

the heart is _ to my right arm

contralateral

if you sleep on your stomach you are sleeping in which position?

pronate

walking requires which types of leg movements?

flexion and extension

activity barrier

a medical model of health would describe a disability where the social model of health would describe and activity barrier

fMRI

is the neurimaging technique with the best spatial resolution

prior to modern neuroimaging techniques doctors would do what to establish a lesion site responsible for a behavior deficit?

perform a brain dissection after death to determine the site of lesion

efferent communication

top-down, descending communication through neural pathways from brain to body

phinneas gage legacy

1. survived an accident where a large iron rod was driven completely through his head

2. influenced a 19th century discussion about the mind and brain, particularly the debate on cerebral localizaation

3. was perhaps the first case to suggest the brain's role in determining personality

proximal

point nearest to the limb's attachment

ipsilateral

on the same side

distal

point farthest from the limb's attachment

peripheral

toward the outer surface

ventral

toward the stomach

holoprosencephaly

failure of brain cleavage

microcenphaly

interruption in neural proliferation

hydrocephalus

excess cerebrospinal fluid

anencephaly

neural tube defect

lissencephaly

neuronal migration defect

santiago ramon y cajal

neurons do not actually touch each other

franz josef gall

created phrenology

camillo golgi

developed staining method that allowed seeing whole neurons

karl wernicke

theorized that understanding speech was localized to a specific place in the left hemisphere

paul broca

theorized that speech production was localized to a specific place in the left hemisphere

ependymal glial cells

creates CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)

oliogodendrocyte glial cells

creates myelin in the CNS

satellite glial cells

protection to sensory nerve cell bodies

atstrocyte glial cells

forms the blood-brain barrier

microglia glial cells

phagoycytosis and forms scar tissue

schwann glial cells

creates myelin in PNS

order neurodevelopmental events

1. dorsal induction

2. ventral induction

3. neural proliferation

4. neuronal migration

5. cortical organization

6. myelination

coronal section of the brain

horizontal section of the brain

sagittal section of the brain

middle cerebral artery vascular problem may result in

speech/language deficit

salience matters principle of neuroplasticity

the importance of training experience - a rewarding and functional therapy task is most likely to induce brain plasticity

damage to the thalamus can cause the following

altered sensory perception, anomia, altered thresholds for pain (DOES NOT cause paralysis)

arteriovenous malformations (AVM)

disorder involving dilated arteries and veins

functions of the thalamus

1. channeling projections of sensation information (pain, taste, temperature, audition, and vision) to specific cortical areas

2. regulation of associational cortex as well as cortically mediated cognitive functions

3. integration of sensorimotor information before the projection to the primary and premotor cortices

(DOES NOT include regulating autonomic functions)

CNS - 1 glial cell can myelinate

many neurons

PNS - 1 glial cell can myelinate

one neuron

transcortical motor aphasia

non-fluent aphasia with intact auditory comprehension and repetition

acetylcholine

the only neurotransmitter that is active at the neuromuscular junction

transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)

1. considered silent stroke because they often have no outward symptoms

2. typically, individuals are unaware they are having a TIA

3. cause brain damage

damage to the anterior cerebral artery

results in paresis of leg, reduced reasoning, and impaired planning

repetition and intensity matter

principle brain plasticity sometimes referred to as dose frequency

astroglia

"glue that holds neurons in place"

function circle of willis

supply blood to the hemisphere contralateral to the damaged hemisphere

corticospinal tract

contains the upper motor neurons for the spinal motor neurons

corticobulbar tract

contains the upper motor neurons for the cranial nerves

the corticobulbar tract innervates

oral facial muscles on both sides for the most part

if you are having hearing loss and balance issues which cranial nerve may be the problem?

CN VIII: vestibulocochlear

you wake up and smell coffee, which cranial nerve is responsible?

CN I: olfactory

damage to the right upper motor neuron that controls cranial nerve VII: facial will cause

lower facial droop on the left side

left spinal sensory neurons recieve input from

ipsilateral

how could you asses if cranial nerve XI: spinal accessory is function properly?

have the patient shrug their shoulders and turn their head

the muscles to make a pouty face are innervated by which cranial nerve?

CN VII: Facial

spinal-cerebellar pathway

tells the cerebellum what movement is happening

the cerebellum influences movement

ipsilaterally

the tremor in parkinson's disease

is worse at rest

when the left upper motor neuron synapses with cranial nerve V: trigeminal which masseter muscles will be activated?

both left and right

lateral corticospinal motor tract

carries information for contralateral body movement

which cranial nerve receives the pain sensation on the tip of your tongue?

CN V: trigeminal (mandibular portion)

subcortical nuclei consist of

cell bodies of neuron

apraxia of speech

refers to the loss of ability to voluntarily execute the movements of speech

meninges

consists of three layers that surround the brain and spinal cord

Amuotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS

degeneration of motor neurons

myasthenia gravis

reduces number of acetylcholine (ACh) receptors at neuromuscular joint

parkinson's disease

loss of dopaminergic producing neuron

alzheimer's disease

widespread neuronal degeneration

multiple sclerosis

demyelination of axons

blink reflex

controlled by CN V (trigeminal) and CN VII (facial)

pupillary light reflex

CN II (optic) CN III (oculomotor)

gag reflex

CN IX (lossopharyngeal) and CN X (vagus)

association fibers

connect gyri within the same hemisphere

projection fibers

ascending and descending fibers connecting cortex with brainstem and spinal cord

commisssural fibers

connect gyri in opposite hemispheres