exercise phy class questions for quest 1

what 3 things stimulate glycolysis?

energy starvation, sympathetic nervous system, hypoxia

what turns phosphorylase B to A?

calcium, epinephrine

what can inhibit PFK?

ATP, citrate, low pH, glucagon

why is a cell interested in alanine?

pyruvate kinase

Krebs cycle is not good at creating energy itself but why is it important?

give NADH and FADH2 for ETC

what do you use for fuel from rest to light exercise?

glycogen

what is the benefit of a catalyst?

speeds reaction up

what is the bottleneck of glycolysis?

PFK

primary method of active phosphorylation

calcium

what increased alanine?

glutamate and pyruvate

4 sources of ATP

cytoplasm, phosphocreatine, anaerobic glycolysis, oxidative metabolism

two advantages for using glucose?

speed of reaction, can occur without oxygen

3 catalyst for glycolysis

PFK, hexokinase, phosphorylase, pyruvate kinase

how does epinephrine prepare fuel for the bodying the face of danger?

phosphorylase a and b, hormone sensitive lipase

what is the source of CO2 from glucose metabolism?

from an oxidative source, Krebs cycle

rest to light exercise after four minutes, what fuel are you using?

glycogen, could change with fitness level

what is the transition point from aerobic metabolism to anaerobic metabolism at VO2 max?

lactate/anaerobic threshold

what is an observable surrogate to know someone switched to anaerobic?

minute ventilation

two organs that utilize lactic acid for energy?

heart, liver (not the best), slow oxidative fibers, brain (does like lactic but likes acetic)

if more and more CH2O is used what is happening to serum lactate levels?

production goes up (serum lactate increases)

3 indicators for high aerobic activity

VO2 max,lactate threshold, cross over point (goes up to the right in higher level athletes)

what is used for energy when RER equals 1? less than 1?

equals is only carbohydrates, less than is lipids

why are the values of kcal and O2/g higher for fats?

fats have more stored energy

what organelle metabolizes lipids?

mitochondria

three measures of aerobic capacity?

VO2 max, lactate threshold, crossover point

4 explanations or theories about lactate threshold

lactate removal, hypoxic theory, mainly running on glycolysis, fat twitch muscle that are glycolytic

we go to a steady stat- we bring in as much oxygen as we use and the actual level will increase. what causes this?

dehydration (sweat), chemical means are increasing, heat

why do we measure anaerobic threshold?

lactate levels in the blood, minute ventilation

what is the MCT?

pyruvate and lactate transporter, in the heart and slow oxidative fibers

why we store glycogen so efficiently?

increase glycogen stored and increased consumption, we will last longer because of that

can we increase glycogen storage?

YES

RER

respiratory exchange ration, using fats or glucose more

why is RER important?

VO2 max levels, crossover point

lose a few pounds? chew on fat or glucose?

consume fat

RER 1

carbs

ventilation is just mechanically moving air in and out of lungs

can have respiratory problems that can cause heart problems, ventilation is mechanical

3 ways we report oxygen expenditure

VO2 max, crossover point, minute ventilation, lactate threshold

we look at acids for minute ventilation. what others do we look at?

carbonic acid, lactic acid, keto acids

what is EPOC?

excess post exercise oxygen consumption

is slow component a good thing if you want to decrease weight?

yeah

why is the arterial O2 increase with exercise?

increase gradient

how do we decrease the influence of anatomical dead space?

breathe deeper, decrease frequency

three factors that influence the diffusion of O2 through the alveolar walls into capillaries then RBCs

surface area, gradient, transit time

importance of capillary expansion

they diffuse better due to more surface area

what portion of a normal resting lung has the highest ventilation perfusion ratio?

apexes

what portion of the normal resting lung has the lowest ventilation perfusion ration?

bases of lung

systemic hypertension is hypertension in the arterial system. why?

bc left heart failure

pulmonary hypertension is hypertension from lungs to heart. why?

bc right heart failure

two forces to overcome

elastic and resistive forces

how to decrease anatomical dead space?

slow down the breathing rate

where is the increase in air during normal inspiration in an upright person?

top of lung, apex

where is increased blood flow in upright person in lungs?

base of lungs, watch for pulmonary edema

pt with increased number of shunts in lungs, potential consequences?

massive vasoconstriction, pulmonary hypertension

how would you detect massive vasoconstriction and pulmonary hypertension?

decreased oxygenation, look at O2%, exercise tolerance vs intolerance, genetics from parents

how to increase alveolar dead space and is it always a good thing?

disease states such as emphysema and its not a good thing. makes alveoli worthless (will add to dead space)

what ar the two forces to overcome to have good ventilation>

elastic forces, flow restrictive forces

in a normal person what is the sensor that detects we need to increase ventilation?

pH levels in the carotid body (carotid sinus would detect blood pressure)

how will excess CO2 leave in the blood stream?

increase minute ventilation, would be detected by carotid body, which detects pH

what are 3 factors that facilitate the offloading of O2 at skeletal muscle?

temperature, pH, 2,3 DPG / active metabolism

3 ways CO@ is carried in the bloodstream?

plasma, hemoglobin, bicarbonate

two factors that limit HR during exercise?

reduced ventricular filling, tachyarrhythmies

what is one adaptation to increase Q in an athlete>

increase SV due to HR limitation, CO = SV x HR

equation for stroke volume

EDSV - ESV,

ejection fraction equation

EF = (SV / EDV) x 100

cardiac output equation

CO = SV x HR