biopsychology

Brain coverings (meninges)

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

white matter

Whitish nervous tissue of the CNS consisting of neurons and their myelin sheaths.

grey matter

The portions of the central nervous system that are abundant in cell bodies of neurons rather than axons. Unmyelinated.

Main parts of the brain

cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem

Cerebrum

Area of the brain responsible for all voluntary activities of the body

Brainstem consists of

midbrain, pons, medulla

Cerebellum

A large structure of the hindbrain that controls fine motor skills.

3 types of neurons

sensory, motor, interneurons

Pons

A brain structure that relays information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain

Midbrain

A small part of the brain above the pons that integrates sensory information and relays it upward.

Medulla

the base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing

frontal lobe

The lobe at the front of the brain associated with movement, speech, and impulsive behavior.

occipital lobe

vision

temporal lobe

hearing

parietal lobe

receives sensory input for touch and body position

brain - deep structures

amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, pituitary and pineal gland

Amygdala

A limbic system structure involved in memory and emotion, particularly fear and aggression.

pituitary gland

master gland

Hypothalamus

brain region controlling the pituitary gland

Hippocampus

A neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage.

pineal gland

produces melatonin

Cranial Nerve 1: Olfactory

sensory, smell

Cranial Nerve 2: Optic

vision

Cranial Nerve 3: Oculomotor

eye movement

Cranial Nerve 4: Trochlear

Motor nerve that moves the eyeball

Cranial Nerve 5: Trigeminal

Funtion- facial sensation to hot/cold; light touch, chewing, branches: ophthalmis, maxiallry, mandibular

Test- Respective testing of 3 divisions. C;inch jaw & check masseter & temporalis muscles; jaw and corneal reflex.

Cranial Nerve 6: Abducens

lateral eye movement

Cranial Nerve 7: Facial

facial expression

Cranial Nerve 8: Vestibulocochlear

hearing and balance

Cranial Nerve 9: Glossopharyngeal

Mixed nerve that functions for swallowing and taste (taste buds on tongue) (loss of the pharyngeal would make for poor eating)

Cranial Nerve 10: Vagus

somatic motor impulses to larynx and pharynx (when you go to vagus you want to hear someone sing with their larynx ie. voice box)

Cranial Nerve 11: Accessory

shrug shoulders

Cranial Nerve 12: Hypoglossal

tongue movement

endocrine system

Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.

endocrine glands

Glands of the endocrine system that release hormones into the bloodstream

hormone

the secretion of an endocrine gland that is transmitted by the blood to the tissue on which it has a specific effect

sex glands

ovaries and testes

adrenal glands

glands that help the body recover from stress and respond to emergencies

Pancreas

Regulates the level of sugar in the blood

thryoid gland

affects metabolism

parathyroid glands

Regulate calcium levels in the blood.

Neurotransmitters

chemical messengers

types of neurotransmitters

excitatory and inhibitory

Parts of a neuron

cell body, dendrites, axon

action potential

nerve impulse

Synapse

Gap between neurons

Dendrites

receive messages from other cells

Axon

the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands

Reuptake

a neurotransmitter's reabsorption by the sending neuron

Neurotransmitter vs hormones

neurotransmitter

- travel short distances, rapid onset/offset, voluntary control

hormones

- travel long distances in blood effects last hours, less voluntary

3 types of hormones

peptides, steroids, and amines