Yaussy Bio Lab Final (Format for definitions is Function — Location/Process) we're all cooked 😭

Epithelium

Sheet of tightly packed cells forming protective, secretory, or absorptive linings — Covers external body surfaces and lines cavities and hollow organs

Simple Squamous Epithelium

Permits rapid diffusion and filtration; secretes lubricating serous fluid — Alveoli of lungs, capillary endothelium, Bowman's capsule of kidney

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Protects underlying tissues from abrasion, pathogens, and chemical attack — Epidermis (keratinized), lining of mouth, esophagus, vagina (non‑keratinized)

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Secretion and absorption — Kidney tubules, ducts of many glands, thyroid follicles

Simple Columnar Epithelium

Absorption; secretion of mucus and enzymes; ciliated type propels mucus — Lining of stomach and intestines, gallbladder, uterine tubes (ciliated)

Pseudostratified Epithelium

Secretes and moves mucus via cilia; protection — Ciliated type lines trachea and upper respiratory tract; non‑ciliated in epididymis

Connective Tissue

Supports, binds, and protects organs; stores energy; provides immunity — Widely distributed throughout body underneath epithelia and surrounding organs

Areolar Connective Tissue

Wraps and cushions organs; holds tissue fluid — Under epithelial layers (lamina propria), surrounding capillaries

Elastic Connective Tissue

Allows recoil after stretching — Walls of large arteries, ligamenta flava of vertebrae, bronchial tree

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

Provides strong attachment in one direction — Tendons, most ligaments, aponeuroses

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

Withstands tension in many directions; structural strength — Dermis of skin, fibrous capsules of organs and joints

Adipose Tissue

Stores energy, insulates, cushions organs — Subcutaneous layer, around kidneys and eyes, within abdomen, breasts

Hyaline Cartilage

Supports and reinforces; resilient cushion — Articular surfaces of long bones, costal cartilages, nose, trachea, larynx

Fibrocartilage

Tensile strength; absorbs compressive shock — Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, menisci of knee

Bone (Osseous Tissue)

Rigid support; protects organs; stores calcium; blood cell formation — Skeleton

Blood

Transports gases, nutrients, wastes, and heat; defense and clotting — Within blood vessels and heart chambers

Leucocytes (White Blood Cells)

Immune defense against pathogens — Circulating blood and lymph, connective tissues

Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)

Carry oxygen and some carbon dioxide via hemoglobin — Circulating blood

Muscle Tissue

Produces movement or propulsion by contracting — Attached to skeleton, walls of hollow organs, heart

Skeletal Muscle

Voluntary movement, posture, heat production — Attached to bones via tendons, diaphragm

Smooth Muscle

Involuntary propulsion of contents; regulates diameter — Walls of blood vessels, gastrointestinal tract, uterus, bladder

Cardiac Muscle

Involuntary rhythmic contraction to pump blood — Myocardium of heart

Nervous Tissue

Receives, processes, and transmits information — Brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves

Neuron

Generates and conducts electrical impulses — Cell bodies in CNS ganglia; axons extend throughout body

Neuroglia

Support, nourish, and protect neurons — CNS (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal) and PNS (Schwann, satellite)

Dorsal

Directional term meaning toward the backbone or upper surface — Back side of the body (e.g., shark top, frog/pig back)

Ventral

Directional term meaning toward the belly or lower surface — Belly side of the body

Cranial

Directional term meaning toward the head — Towards the head end

Caudal

Directional term meaning toward the tail — Towards the tail end

Anterior

In bipeds, toward the front; in quadrupeds, synonymous with cranial — Front/head end of body

Posterior

In bipeds, toward the back; in quadrupeds, synonymous with caudal — Rear/tail end of body

Medial

Toward the midline of the body — Mid-sagittal plane

Lateral

Away from the midline — Sides of body

Superficial

Closer to the body surface — Toward exterior

Deep

Farther from body surface — Internal toward core

Proximal

Closer to point of limb attachment — Near trunk on a limb

Distal

Farther from point of limb attachment — Away from trunk on a limb

Incurrent nares (Shark)

Channel water carrying odor molecules toward olfactory sacs — Pair of anterior nasal

Excurrent nares (Shark)

Expel water after it passes over olfactory epithelium — Posterior openings of nasal passage on rostrum

Ampullae of Lorenzini (Shark)

Electroreception—detect weak electric fields and temperature gradients — Pores clustered around snout and lower jaw skin

Pectoral fin (Shark)

Provides lift and steering during swimming — Large lateral fins just posterior to gill slits

Pelvic fin (Shark)

Stabilization and, in males, supports claspers for copulation — Paired fins on ventral surface posterior to pectorals

Anterior dorsal fin (Shark)

Prevents rolling and aids sudden turns — Midline fin on dorsum anteriorly behind head

Posterior dorsal fin (Shark)

Additional stability during swimming — Second midline fin posterior along dorsum

Lateral line (Shark)

Mechanoreception of water vibrations and movement — Long sensory canal running lengthwise along sides of body

Nictitating membrane (Shark)

Protects and moisturizes eye during feeding — Translucent third eyelid that can cover eyeball

Nictitating membrane (Frog)

Protects eye underwater and keeps it moist on land — Thin translucent eyelid inside regular eyelids

Nictitating membrane (Pig)

Vestigial protective fold at medial corner of eye — Small pink membrane in inner corner of pig eye

External nares (Frog)

Passageway for air to enter nasal cavity for respiration — Pair of openings on dorsum of snout

External nares (Pig)

Air intake for respiratory system; olfaction — Nostrils at tip of snout

Brachium (Frog)

Upper arm segment providing leverage for forelimb movement — Region between shoulder and elbow

Antebrachium (Frog)

Forearm segment for manipulation and locomotion — Region between elbow and wrist

Manus (Frog)

Distal forelimb used for support or manipulation — Hand—includes wrist, palm, and digits

Thigh (Frog)

Proximal hindlimb segment providing propulsion — Region between hip and knee

Crus (Frog)

Lower leg segment aiding locomotion — Region between knee and ankle

Pes (Frog)

Distal hindlimb for support and locomotion — Foot—includes ankle and digits

Brachium (Pig)

Upper arm segment providing leverage for forelimb movement — Region between shoulder and elbow (10 in picture)

Antebrachium (Pig)

Forearm segment for manipulation and locomotion — Region between elbow and wrist (11 in picture)

Manus (Pig)

Distal forelimb used for support or manipulation — Hand—includes wrist, palm, and digits

Thigh (Pig)

Proximal hindlimb segment providing propulsion — Region between hip and knee

Crus (Pig)

Lower leg segment aiding locomotion — Region between knee and ankle (7 in picture)

Pes (Pig)

Distal hindlimb for support and locomotion — Foot—includes ankle and digits

Auricle / Pinna (Pig)

Collects and directs sound waves into external acoustic meatus — External fleshy part of ear projecting from head (ear)

Oral / Buccal Cavity (Shark)

Initial chamber for ingestion; mechanical and chemical digestion begins here — Interior of mouth anterior to pharynx within head

Oral / Buccal Cavity (Frog)

Initial chamber for ingestion; mechanical and chemical digestion begins here — Anterior oral cavity in head

Oral / Buccal Cavity (Pig)

Initial chamber for ingestion; mechanical and chemical digestion begins here — Mouth cavity within snout and jaws

Pharynx (Shark)

Passageway for food, water, and (in air‑breathers) air; involved in swallowing — Tubular region posterior to oral cavity leading to esophagus and gill chambers

Pharynx (Frog)

Passageway for food, water, and (in air‑breathers) air; involved in swallowing — Throat region connecting mouth to esophagus and larynx

Pharynx (Pig)

Passageway for food, water, and (in air‑breathers) air; involved in swallowing — Region behind oral cavity connecting to esophagus and larynx

Internal Gill Slits (Shark)

Openings through which water exits pharynx into gill chambers — Series of five pairs of openings on lateral walls of pharynx

External Gill Slits (Shark)

Allow water to exit after passing over gills — Five lateral vertical openings from gill chambers to exterior

Spiracle (Shark)

Draws water into pharynx when mouth is closed — Small dorsally placed opening behind each eye

Gill Arch (Shark)

Bony/cartilaginous support for gills and blood vessels — Curved skeletal elements in pharyngeal wall

Gill Raker (Shark)

Prevent debris/food from damaging gill filaments — Projections lining inner edge of gill arch

Interbranchial Septum (Shark)

Tissue partition separating adjacent gill chambers — Wall between each set of gill slits

Gill Filaments (Shark)

Primary site of gas exchange with water — Feathery structures extending from gill arches

Sinus Venosus (Shark)

Collects deoxygenated blood before the atrium — Thin‑walled sac posterior to atrium within pericardial cavity (A in picture)

Sinus Venosus (Frog)

Receives systemic venous blood and channels to right atrium — Triangular chamber on dorsal surface of heart

Atrium (Shark)

Single receiving chamber pumping blood to ventricle — Thin‑walled chamber anterior to sinus venosus (B in picture)

Ventricle (Shark)

Muscular chamber pumping blood to conus arteriosus — Thick‑walled heart chamber anterior to atrium (C in picture)

Ventricle (Frog)

Single muscular chamber pumping blood into truncus arteriosus — Large anterior chamber of three‑chambered heart

Conus arteriosus (Shark)

Conducts blood from ventricle to ventral aorta; contains valves — Anterior narrowing of heart leading to gills (D)

Transverse Septum (Shark)

Separates pericardial and pleuroperitoneal cavities — Oblique membranous partition posterior to pericardial cavity

Internal Nares (Frog)

Allow air from external nares into oral cavity — Paired openings on roof of mouth near maxillary teeth

Internal Nares (Pig)

Channel air from nostrils to nasopharynx — Posterior openings of nasal cavity leading into pharynx

Larynx (Frog)

Houses vocal cords; routes air and food; maintains open airway — Enlarged upper part of trachea in neck region

Larynx (Pig)

Houses vocal cords; routes air and food; maintains open airway — Enlarged upper part of trachea in neck region

Trachea (Pig)

Conducts air between larynx and bronchi — Cartilaginous tube extending through neck into thorax

Primary Bronchi (Frog)

Branch of airway distributing air to each lung — First divisions of trachea entering lungs

Primary Bronchi (Pig)

Branch of airway distributing air to each lung — First divisions of trachea entering lungs

Lungs (Frog)

Site of internal respiration—gas exchange between air and blood — Paired sac‑like organs in pleuroperitoneal cavity

Lungs (Pig)

Site of internal respiration—gas exchange between air and blood — Multi‑lobed organs filling thoracic cavity flanking heart

Right Atrium (Frog)

Receives systemic venous blood — Right dorsal chamber of heart

Left Atrium (Frog)

Receives oxygenated blood from lungs — Left dorsal chamber of heart

Right Atrium (Pig)

Receives systemic venous blood — Right dorsal chamber of heart

Left Atrium (Pig)

Receives oxygenated blood from lungs — Left dorsal chamber of heart

Right Ventricle (Pig)

Pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs via pulmonary trunk — Anterior right ventral chamber of heart (blue box)

Left Ventricle (Pig)

Pumps oxygenated blood to systemic circulation via aorta — Posterior left ventral chamber of heart (purple)

Diaphragm (Pig)

Muscular partition aiding ventilation by changing thoracic volume — Separates thoracic and abdominal cavities

Pulmonary Trunk (Pig)

Carries deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to pulmonary arteries — Large vessel exiting right ventricle anteriorly