Cardiovascular

What is the role of the systemic circuit in the cardiac system?

The systemic circuit delivers oxygenated blood from the heart to the body, providing necessary nutrients and oxygen for metabolism.

What does the pulmonary circuit do?

The pulmonary circuit transports deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation and returns oxygen-rich blood back to the heart.

What is the primary function of veins?

Veins return blood to the heart and can carry either oxygen-rich or oxygen-poor blood depending on their location.

What is the function of arteries in the cardiovascular system?

Arteries carry blood away from the heart and may transport either oxygen-rich or oxygen-poor blood.

What are the four primary chambers of the heart?

Right Atrium, Right Ventricle, Left Atrium, Left Ventricle.

What is the apex of the heart?

The apex is the pointed bottom of the heart, located to the left of the midline.

What is the epicardium?

The outer layer of the heart made of epithelial tissue and fat, housing major coronary blood vessels.

What is the myocardium?

The thick muscular middle layer of the heart responsible for pumping action, composed of cardiac muscle tissue.

What is pericardial effusion?

An accumulation of excess fluid in the pericardial cavity which can lead to symptoms like trouble breathing and chest pain.

What is the function of the interatrial septum?

It separates the left and right atriums to prevent mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.

What do the atrioventricular (AV) valves do?

They ensure unidirectional blood flow through the heart and prevent backflow into the atria.

Where is the pulmonary valve located?

It is located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk, preventing backflow into the ventricle.

What is the base of the heart?

The base is the top portion of the heart, which is the widest part.

What role does the pericardium play?

The pericardium is a double-walled sac that protects the heart and lungs from friction and provides a barrier against infections.

What are tendinous cords?

They connect the valve cusps to papillary muscles, ensuring proper valve closure during ventricular contraction.

What is the pericardial cavity?

The pericardial cavity is the space between the layers of the pericardium that contains pericardial fluid, allowing for smooth heart movements.

What is the fibrous layer of the pericardium?

The fibrous layer is the outer layer of the pericardium that provides structural support and prevents overexpansion of the heart.It anchors the heart to surrounding structures and protects it from infection and injury.

What is the serous layer of the pericardium?

The serous layer is the inner layer of the pericardium that secretes pericardial fluid to reduce friction as the heart beats.

Right Tricuspid Valve

Composed of three flap-like structures that prevent backflow of blood into the right atrium.

Left Bicuspid Valve (Mitral Valve)

Comprising two flaps that prevent backflow into the left atrium.

Pulmonary Valve

The first semilunar valve located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk, preventing backflow into the ventricle.

Aortic Valve

The second semilunar valve positioned between the left ventricle and the aorta to prevent backflow into the ventricle.