ANAPHY CHAPTER 1

Anatomy

study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts

Physiology

study of how the body and its parts work or function

Integumentary

Protects deeper tissue from injury and drying out

Skeletal

Protects and supports body organs

Muscular

Allows locomotion, Maintains posture, Produces heat

Nervous

Fast-acting control system

Endocrine

growth, reproduction and , metabolism

Cardiovascular

Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart

Microscopic Anatomy

Very small structures. Can only be viewed with a microscope

• Cytology

• Histology

Two types of microscopic anatomy

Gross Anatomy

Large structures

Easily observable

Maintain Boundaries

keeps the body’s internal environment distinct from the external environment- the skin and membranes.

Movement

Locomotion and Movement of substances

Responsiveness

Ability to sense changes and react

Digestion

Break-down and delivery of nutrients

Metabolism

all chemical reactions within the body

Excretion

Elimination of waste from metabolic reactions

Reproduction

- Production of future generation

- Provides new cells for growth and repair

Growth

Increasing of cell size and number

Survival Needs

Nutrients, Oxygen , Water, Stable body temperature and, Atmospheric pressure must be appropriate

Necessary Life Functions

Maintain Boundaries, Movement, responsive , digestion, metabolism, excretion , reproduction and, growth

Anatomy levels of study

Gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy

Nutrients

- Chemicals for energy and cell building

- Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals

Oxygen

Required for chemical reactions

Water

- 60–80% of body weight

- Provides for metabolic reaction

Integumentary

Protects deeper tissue from injury and drying out

Lymphatic

Disposes of debris and Involved in immunity destroys bacteria and tumor cells

Respiratory

removes carbon dioxide

Digestive

breaks down food

urinary

eliminates acid - base balance

Reproductive

Production of offspring

Homeostasis

Needed for normal body function & Life

Receptor

Sends information to control center

Control center

Analyzes information

Effector

Provides a means for response to the stimulus

RECEPTOR

INTEGRATOR

EFFECTOR

3 components interact in homeostasis

Negative feedback

Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity

Positive feedback

Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther,If it continues without control, it can become harmful.

Superior

Toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body above

Inferior

Away from the head end or toward the lower part of structure or the body below

Anterior

Toward or at the front of the body

Posterior

Toward or at the backside of the body

Medial

Toward or at the midline of the body

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body

Proximal

Close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Distal

The point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

superficial

toward or at the body surface

Deep

Away from the body surface