Petersen Lecture Exam 2 ETSU

carotene

abnormal accumulations due to excessive ingestion of vitamin A cause yellowing of skin

oxygen-rich hemoglobin

responsible for pink tone of skin and mucous membranes

eumelanin

made by melanocytes, contributes brown to black color to skin

Apocrine sudoriferous glands

are found in the axillae, inguinal areas, areolae and the bearded regions of the face.

How does skin contribute to regulation of body temperature?

1. Releasing perspiration, which evaporates and carries away heat

2. Altering blood flow to the dermis, which adjusts how much heat will radiate from the body

Betacarotenocyte

Not a structure of the skin

(probably doesn't exist)

Bones and cartilage

What are the components of the skeletal system?

Closed

________ fractures are completely internal; they do not break through the skin

calcification of the cartilage matrix and formation of a bone collar

The first indication that a cartilage model is beginning to form into a bone is the...

patella

sesamoid bone found in the knee

The lateral and medial condyles of the femur articulate with the...

tibia

ischial tuberosity

When you sit, the part of the hip that touches the seat of the chair is the...

external callus

After a fracture of the diaphysis has healed, the thickened region that results is called the

Fossa

A deep hollow on a bone is termed a

both the level of calcium in bone increases and the amount in the blood decreases.

What happens when the levels of Calcitonin hormone increases

Osteosarcoma

Cancer of the bone

axis

The odontoid process is found on the

Long Bone anatomy: What is the epiphyseal plate?

In a long bone it is a thin disc of hyaline cartilage that is positioned transversely between the epiphysis and metaphysis.

opposition

To pinch with a thumb and finger involves a movement called

Rotation

Not classified as angular movement.

A man stands on his left foot. He holds his right thigh parallel to the ground with his right (lower) leg perpendicular to the ground. What knee is flexed and what knee is extended?

His left knee is extended, but his right knee is flexed.

sarcoplasmic reticulum

storage and release site for calcium ions

fascicles

bundles of muscle fibers

perimysium

connective tissue around bundle of muscle fibers

tendon

fusion of connective tissues; joins muscles to bones

myoblasts

embryonic cells; fuse to form muscle cells

sarcolemma

the plasma membrane of a muscle cell

myofibers

muscle cell

sarcoplasmic reticulum

modified smooth endoplasmic reticulum of muscle cell; stores Ca2+

sarcoplasm

cytoplasm of a muscle

The repeating unit of a skeletal muscle fiber is the...

Sarcomere

A contraction cycle cannot being until...

1. Ca2+ has bound to troponin.

2. The myosin-binding sites on actin are exposed.

Myoblasts

Skeletal muscle fibers are formed from embryonic cells called

acetylcholine

Neurotransmitter that converts "nerve impules" into a "muscle impulse"

acetylcholinesterase

enzyme that removes neurotransmitter from synaptic cleft; helps muscle relax

Na+

ion that enters muscle fiber; causing depolarization and allowing muscle action potential to propagate

Perimysium

Nerves and blood vessels that service the muscle fibers are located in the connective tissues of the

head

Muscles including the term capitis would be found within or attached to the

Extends Knee

Which actions does the Vastus Intermedius perform?

Extends Hip

Primary function of the Gluteus Maximus muscle?

While walking barefoot on the beach, Joe stepped on a thorn that penetrated through the sole of his foot to the dermis. How many layers of epidermis did the thorn penetrate?

Five

Malignant melanoma

Rare, but serious skin cancer. Often spreads to other tissues and organs?

Stratum Spinosum

Which skin layer has cells that look prickly because of the desmosomes that join the cells together?

Melanocytes

Which cell type produces melanosomes?

Some bones house hemopoietic tissue that makes blood cells.

relationship between the skeletal system and the blood?

vertebra is classified as what type of bone?

Irregular

Lacunae

What is the small space in the bone matrix called?

spongy

type of bone that is adapted to withstand stresses that arrive from many directions

Fibrocartilage is converted to spongy bone by osteoblasts

Which of the following is true of bony callus formation?

lacuna

The space occupied by an osteocyte is called a

initiate movement

not a role (function) of the skeleton system?

Clavicles and Scapulae

Constitutes the pectoral girdle?

Talus

The Distal end of the tibia articulates with the

Abduction

Movement away from the Midline of the body

Adduction

Motion that moves a body part towards the medial plane of the body

Rotation

(what determines/describes it)

1. Refers to movement of a bone around its own longitudinal axis.

2. Is further described by determining whether the anterior surface of a bone moves toward or away from the midline.

Adduction

Which action moves the part toward the midline?

Ball and Socket

Which joint allows for the widest range of movement?

What happens in a second class lever if the distance between the force/effort and the fulcrum is decreased?

a greater amount of effort will be required to move the same amount of load.

sarcolemma

What is the name of the plasma membrane of a muscle fiber?

recruitment

The increase in muscle tension that is produced by increasing the number of active motor units is called

irritability

What is the term that describes the ability of muscle cells to respond to a nerve stimulus?

3rd

Most common lever in the body.

During the recovery period the body's need for oxygen is increased because

additional oxygen is required to restore energy reserves consumed during exercise.

calcium ions

In response to action potentials arriving along the transverse tubules, the sarcoplasmic reticulum releases

a motor unit

A single motor neuron together with all the muscle fibers it innervates is called

Deltoid

(what action does it perform)

Flexes Shoulder

Extends Shoulder

Abducts Shoulder

Supinator

(What action does it perform)

Supinates forearm

Vastus Medialis

(what action does it perform)

Extends Knee

Tibialis Anterior

(what action does it perform)

Dorsiflexion

If the papilla of a hair follicle is destroyed

the follicle will lose its blood supply.

Hypothermia

Term meaning low body temperature

Merocrine sweat glands

secrete a watery fluid directly onto the surface of the skin

Stratum Corneum

Of the five epidermal cell layers, which one is made of dead cells filled with keratin?

Trabeculae

What are the interconnecting tiny arches of bone tissue found in spongy bone called?

Short Bones

often described as cube shaped or box shaped

condyle

smooth rounded process of a bone

sutural

Small, oddly shaped bones that fill gaps between bones of the skull are called ________ bones.

ossification

What is the term used to describe the deposition of calcium salts in bone tissues?

osteoblast

secretes organic matrix

patella (bone type)

sesamoid

Conduction is...

not a function of the skeletal system

The primary spinal curves

accommodate the thoracic and abdominopelvic viscera.

tear gland

organ located in the lacrimal fossa

ramus

An arm-like branch off the body of a bone

pronation

turns the palm posteriorly

A 16 year-old is so surprised by the new Lexus she is given for her birthday that her jaw hangs open. In scientific terms, her mandible is

Depressed

The acromioclavicular joint

allows gliding and some rotation

Plantar flexion

allows a ballerina to stand on her toes

supination (example)

turning the hand palm upward

aerobic

produces the most ATP for muscle contraction

epimysium

The dense layer of connective tissue that surrounds an entire skeletal muscle

tendon

At each end of the muscle, the collagen fibers of the epimysium, and each perimysium and endomysium, come together to form a

Under which condition can muscle fibers generate the most tension?

when fibers have an overlap of thick and thin filaments that is close to their resting length

extends a bowed head on the vertebral column.

true of a first class lever

rectus

Muscles with fibers that run parallel to the long axis of the body are called

Which of the following actions does the Iliacus and Psoas Major perform?

Flexes hip

apocrine sweat gland

gland that becomes active at the time of puberty

Dermatosis

A general term referring to ANY skin condition

true of the dermal-epidermal junction

Its function is to "glue" the two layers of skin together.

It is composed chiefly of basement membrane.

It is important in blocking bacteria from passing through the skin.

(All of the above)