4.4-4.6 APHuG

Territoriality

How people use space to communicate ownership or occupy geographic area

• Controlling boundaries, military action, promoting certain political or economic systems, or controlling the activities that exist inside a region

Neocolonialism

The use of political, cultural, or economic power to influence other countries

Decolonization

The process by which colonies become independent of the colonizing country

Choke Points

A strategic narrow route providing passage through or to another region

Africa and China

This country is investing heavily into the former countries s that are currently developing and moving through the DMT

As the former urbanizes and grows, the latter can move their manufacturing into Africa as they advance more into tertiary sectors

If the former country does not agree with the later, they receive less support.

Shatterbelt

A geographic area that is caught between larger external powers who are currently fighting

Historic Shatterbelts

Berlin and Korea War

Demarcated Boundary

The boundary is marked with a physical item or structure

• Wall, fence, sign, or other feature that shows where the boundary is

Defined Boundary

May be set by a treaty or another official document

Geometric Boundary

A border that follows the lines of latitude and longitude

Antecedent Boundary

A boundary that existed before human settlement and creation of the cultural landscape

• Not influenced by the current culture

• Chilean and Argentina border is based off the Andes mountains

Relic Boundary

A boundary that is no longer active but still impacts the cultural landscape

• Ex: Berlin Wall

Superimposed Boundary

A boundary that was created by a foreign state or group

Local culture, ethnic groups, and linguistic characteristics are often ignored

Subsequent Boundary

Culture is the defining factor of the boundary

• EX: Majority of Europe

• Many of the boundaries are based off local culture, ethnic groups, and linguistic characteristics

Consequent Boundary

Type of Subsequent Boundary

A boundary that was created due to individual ethnic groups, religions, or linguistic groups

Created to divide ethnic groups, religions, or linguistic groups

• EX: Pakistan and India splitting due to Religion.

Frontier

A geographic area where no state has direct power of control over

Delimited

The process of drawing a boundary on a map

Definitional Boundary Dispute

A boundary dispute that takes place over the interpretations of the original documents that defined the boundary

Often end up in court as states, people, or organizations need a third party to clarify the documents without bias

Locational Boundary Dispute

Dispute over the location of the boundary and the ownership of the land

• EX: Mississippi River moving, causing questions over whether the land belongs to mississippi anymore

Operational Boundary Dispute

A dispute on how to manage the boundary and handle different issues/situations that occur on the boundary

• EX: United States and Mexico boundary

Allocational Boundary Dispute

A dispute that happens over the use of what is on or in the boundary

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)

Conference to try and help countries better understand how to deal with allocational boundary disputes in the sea

Territorial Waters

12 nautical miles from shore

State has economic and political control

• States may set laws regulating passage of ships in other states

• Most mainland laws apply here

Contiguous Zone

12-24 nautical miles from shore

States may enforce laws concerning pollution, taxation, and immigration.

Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)

Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)

International Waters

200+ nautical miles away from the shore

No state has control

South China Sea

A tropical arm of the Pacific Ocean near southeastern Asia extremely rich with natural resources. Currently, 5 countries currently have claim the this area, plus China.

Voting Districts

A geographic area organized together for the purpose of administering elections

Voting Districts

A geographic area organized together for the purpose of administering elections

Redistricting

The process of redrawing districts after the census has occurred

Gerrymandering

The process of redistricting a voting district to favor one political party over another

Safe districts

Districts where it is statistically impossible for a different party to win

Cracking

The process of spreading like-minded voters out across multiple districts

Packing

The process of stacking like-minded voters into just a few districts to reduce the impact of their vote in other districts