Respiratory anatomy, breathing and heart sounds

nasal cavity

oropharynx

between nasopharynx and laryngopharynx

nasopharynx

laryngopharynx

larynx

primary (main) bronchi

trachea

function of the nasal cavity

filter large particles by hairs within nose

- air encounters the nasal conchae which generates turbulence in the air flow and causes it to swirl around causing particles to MATTER or stick to moist mucous membranes

- air gets humidified

function of the nasopharynx

connecting your nose to your respiratory system

function of oropharynx

between nasopharynx and laryngopharynx

function of laryngopharynx

between oropharynx and larynx

what the larynx

voice box

what is the function of the trachea

large tube structure that transmits air to the primary bronchi

thyroid cartilage (anterior)

thyroid cartilage (posterior)

cricoid cartilage

epiglottis

vestibular folds

vocal cords

tracheal cartilage

secondary (lobar) bronchi

tertiary (segmental) bronchi

terminal bronchiole

respiratory bronchioles

alveolar sac

alveoli

respiratory membrane

composed of 3 layers

- squamous alveolar cell, squamous endothelial cell of capillary, and basement membrane

squamous alveolar cell of respiratory membrane (pink)

squamous endothelial cell of respiratory membrane

where RBC are

basement membrane of squamous endothelial cell of respiratory membrane

capillary network on alveolar sac

great (type II) alveolar cells

alveolar macrophages

squamous (type I) alveolar epithelial cells

function of squamous cells

gas exchange

function of great cells

pulmonary surfactant-->sticking and collapse=hard to breath

function of alveolar macrophages

clear debris

left lung superior lobe

left lung inferior lobe

right lung superior lobe

right lung middle lobe

right lung inferior lobe

left lung oblique fissure

right lung oblique fissure

diaphragmatic surface of diaphragm

costal surface of lungs

faces rib cage

mediastinal surface

faces heart

hilum

slit opening on the mediastinal surface of each lung that receives main bronchus, pulmonary vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves

non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

cilia

goblet cells

Compare heart rate and pulse rate upon inspiration and expiration

1st cycle of inspiration: finger pulse demonstrates that inspiration increases sympathetic drive to increase HR in response to increases venous return

cycle of expiration: whereas expiration is associated with less venous return and a decreased HR

2nd cycle of inspiration: results repeated to increase HR

what are wheezes?

the movement of air through the bronchi can become turbulent in places with restrictions, causing sounds like wheezing (asthma and bronchitis)

what are rales/crackles?

when air flow in alveoli and small bronchioles must bubble up through mucous of edema during exhalation (accumulation of fluid in small airways=pneumonia or left side heart failure)