Basic Chemistry and the Human Body

Flashcards covering basic chemistry, atomic anatomy, periodic table navigation, chemical bonding, and pH buffer systems based on the provided lecture notes.

What is the elemental composition by mass of Hydrogen in the human body?

$$10\%$$

What is the elemental composition by mass of Carbon in the human body?

$$18\%$$

What is the elemental composition by mass of Nitrogen in the human body?

$$3\%$$

What is the elemental composition by mass of Oxygen in the human body?

$$65\%$$

What is the elemental composition by mass of Phosphorus in the human body?

$$1.2\%$$

What is the elemental composition by mass of Sulfur in the human body?

$$0.2\%$$

According to the transcript, what is the chemical symbol for Chlorine?

F

What is the percentage by mass of Calcium in the human body?

$$1.5\%$$

What is the atomic number of Iron ($Fe$) listed in the transcript?

26

What value is given for the atomic number of Iodine?

53

What three subatomic particles make up an atom?

Protons, Electrons, and Neutrons

What is the charge associated with an Electron?

Negative (-)

What is the charge associated with a Proton?

Positive (+)

What type of charge does a Neutron have?

No charge

How is the mass number of an atom calculated?

Protons + Neutrons

What does the atomic number of an element represent?

The number of protons

What does a column in the Periodic Table of the Elements indicate?

The number of electrons in the outer shell

What does a row in the Periodic Table of the Elements indicate?

The number of shells

What is the building block of all matter?

Elements

What is the octet rule?

Most outer shells hold 8 electrons

What is a cation?

An atom with a positive charge due to a lost electron

What is an anion?

An atom with a negative charge due to a gained electron

Which type of chemical bond involves the transfer of electrons and is described as very strong?

Ionic Bond

Which type of chemical bond involves the sharing of electrons?

Covalent Bond

Which type of bond is the strongest and most common in living organisms?

Covalent Bond

Do covalent bonds disassociate in water?

No

What is a hydrogen bond?

A weak bond between polar covalent bound molecules containing hydrogen

What causes Van Der Waals Interactions?

Partial charge due to the movement of electrons

What are isotopes?

Atoms of an element with a different number of neutrons

What happens when the number of protons in an atom is changed?

It becomes a new element

What is the result of changing the number of electrons in an atom?

An ion is created

What is the result of changing the number of neutrons in an atom?

An isotope is created

According to the transcript, how long is the half-life for Carbon 14 to decay?

5,730 years

What does Carbon 14 decay into?

Nitrogen 14

How is pH defined?

The measure of Hydrogen ion concentration ($H^+$)

What pH value is considered neutral?

7

What pH range is considered acidic?

$<7$ (more $H^+$)

What pH range is considered basic?

$>7$ (more $OH^-$)

In terms of concentration change, what does 1 unit on the pH log scale represent?

$10\times$ change

What is the formula for calculating pH?

$$pH = -\log_{10}(H^+)$$

What is the normal pH range of the human body?

7.2-7.6

What gas is vital to the human body's buffer system?

$$CO_2$$

According to the Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate Buffer System, what happens when blood pH rises?

Carbonic acid dissociates to form bicarbonate and $H^+$ ($H_2CO_3 \rightarrow HCO_3^- + H^+$)

According to the Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate Buffer System, what happens when blood pH drops?

Bicarbonate binds $H^+$ to form carbonic acid ($HCO_3^- + H^+ \rightarrow H_2CO_3$)

What is the energy conversion for $1\,kJ/mol$ as noted in the periodic table notes?

$$96.485\,eV$$

What subatomic particle has very little mass according to the lecture?

Electrons

What is the atomic number of Nitrogen ($N$)?

7

What percentage by mass of the human body is Sodium?

$$0.1\%$$

According to the transcript's human body composition chart, what is the atomic number for Phosphorus?

6

What is the chemical symbol for Potassium?

K