Fluid and Electrolytes Unit

Diabetes mellitus, profuse sweating, and hyposecretion of ADH can each lead to

 

volume excess.

 

overhydration.

 

hypotonic plasma.

 

dehydration.

dehydration

Which of the following describes the distribution of sodium and potassium between cells and body fluids?

 

K+ mainly in the cells, Na+ in the body fluids

 

Na+ mainly in the cells, K+ in the body fluids

 

equal amounts of each ion in the cells and body fluids

 

little of either in the cells, but large amounts of each in the body fluids

K+ mainly in the cells, Na+ in the body fluids

The body's water volume is closely tied to the level of which of the following ions?

 

hydrogen ions

 

calcium ions

 

potassium ions

 

sodium ions

sodium ions

What is the normal pH of tissue fluid?

 

7.25 - 7.35

 

7.15 - 7.25

 

7.35 - 7.45

 

7.05 - 7.15

7.35-7.45

The hormone ANP

 

increases urine output and decreases blood volume.

 

increases urine output and increases blood volume.

 

decreases urine output and increases blood volume.

 

decreases urine output and decreases blood volume.

increases urine output and decreases blood volume.

Which of the following characterizes a weak base?

 

It binds a little OH^- and has a weak effect on pH.

 

It binds a little H⁺ and has a weak effect on pH.

 

It binds a lot of OH^- and has a strong effect on pH.

 

It resists changes in OH^-.

It binds a little H⁺ and has a weak effect on pH.

Water lost through feces is considered ________ water loss.

 

sensible, facultative

 

insensible, obligatory

 

insensible, facultative

 

sensible, obligatory

sensible, obligatory

If the thyroid and parathyroid glands are surgically removed, which of the following would go out of balance without replacement therapy?

 

potassium ion levels

 

sodium ion levels

 

anion levels

 

calcium ion levels

calcium ion levels

Insufficient parathyroid hormone production in the body could result in ________.

 

cardiac arrhythmia

 

muscle weakness

 

kidney stones

 

muscle twitching

muscle twitching

What is the function of antidiuretic hormone?

 

It promotes water conservation.

 

It targets the cerebral cortex.

 

It inhibits salivation and thirst.

 

It stimulates hypothalamic osmoreceptors.

It promotes water conservation.

How is calcium concentration in the body regulated?

 

By the parasympathetic nervous system

 

By sodium and calcium concentrations in the plasma

 

By the sympathetic nervous system

 

By hormones

By hormones

The regulation of sodium ________.

 

is due to specific sodium receptors in the hypothalamus

 

involves aldosterone, a hormone that increases sodium excretion in the kidneys

 

involves hypothalamic osmoreceptor detection of ion concentration

 

is linked to blood pressure

it’s linked to blood pressure

What protein is the most important buffer in blood plasma?

 

Transferrin

 

Albumin

 

Gamma globulin

 

Fibrinogen

Albumin

Elderly individuals generally have a ________ percentage of body fluid and are therefore ________ prone to fluid imbalances.

 

high; more

 

low; less

 

low; more

 

high; less

low; more

In the case of edema, excess fluid is held in which fluid compartment(s)?

 

intracellular fluid and interstitial fluid

 

intracellular fluid

 

blood plasma

 

interstitial fluid

interstitial fluid

Water output is largely controlled by varying ________.

 

drinking

 

urine volume

 

cutaneous transpiration

 

sweating

urine volume

The maintenance of the proper pH of the body fluids may be the result

the control of respiratory ventilation

 

the operation of the various buffer systems in the stomach

 

the active secretion of OH- into the filtrate by the kidney tubule cells

 

control of the acids produced in the stomach

the control of respiratory ventilation

Nancy is experiencing an acute panic attack. While hyperventilating, she remembers to open a paper bag and breathe into it. What is Nancy trying to prevent?

 

respiratory alkalosis

 

respiratory acidosis

 

metabolic acidosis

 

metabolic alkalosis

respiratory alkalosis

The thirst center of the brain is located in the

 

hypothalamus.

 

occipital lobe.

 

hippocampus.

 

pons.

hypothalamus

What determines osmosis from one fluid compartment to another?

 

The relative size of each compartment

 

The temperature difference between compartments

 

The relative concentration of solutes in each compartment

 

The blood pressure

The relative concentration of solutes in each compartment

Renal failure would likely lead to

 

volume excess.

 

hypertonic ascites.

 

volume depletion.

 

hypotonicity.

volume excess.

Edema is an example of

 

volume depletion.

 

total volume excess.

 

fluid sequestration.

 

dehydration.

fluid sequestration.

Blockage of lymphatic vessels or surgical removal of lymphatic vessels increases the likelihood of

 

edema, which is a an example of volume depletion.

 

ascites, which is an example of hypertonicity.

 

edema, which is a an example of fluid sequestration.

 

pleural effusion, which is an example of hypertonic hydration.

edema, which is a an example of fluid sequestration.

At which stage of life is the percentage of fluid in the human body highest?

 

Middle age

 

Childhood

 

Advanced age

 

Infancy

Infancy

Respiratory acidosis can occur when ________.

 

the kidneys secrete hydrogen ions

 

a person's breathing is shallow due to obstruction

 

a runner has completed a very long marathon

 

a person consumes excessive amounts of antacids

a person's breathing is shallow due to obstruction