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universalism
The norm where scientific claims are evaluated according to their merit, independent of the researcher’s credentials.
communality
the norm where scientific knowledge is created by a community and its findings belong to the community.
disinterestedness
the norm where scientists strive to discover the truth and are not swayed by conviction, idealism, politics, and profit
organized skepticism
the norm where scientists question everything including their own theories, widely accepted ideas, and “ancient wisdom”
association claim
a claim that argues that one level of a variable is likely to be associated with a particular level of another variable
correlate
variables that are associated are said to __
correlational study
a study in which the variables are measured and the relationship is tested
statistical validity
the extent to which a study’s statistical conclusions are precise, reasonable, and replicable (how well the numbers support the claim)
point estimate
the value we get from a single study
confidence interval
a range designed to include the true population value a high percentage of the time
covariance
the extent to which two variables are observed to go together.
temporal precedence
when the study’s method ensures that variable A comes first in time before variable B
Internal validity
the study’s method ensures that there are no plausible alternative explanations for the change in variable B; variable A is the only thing that changed
Note 
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