AP Psych 4.6-4.7

Motivations arise from interplay between ____ and ____

Nature, nurture

Four perspectives of what motivation is

Instinct theory (now replaced by evolutionary), drive-reduction, arousal theory, hierarchy of needs

Complex behavior with a fixed pattern throughout a species and is unlearned

Instinct

Tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state, regulation of any aspect of body chemistry around a particular level

Homeostasis

Idea that a physiological need creates and aroused state that motivates and organism to satisfy the need

Drive reduction theory

Principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases

Yerkes-dodson law

Some reach a point where they seek to realize their potential, strive for meaning, purpose, and communion in a way that is transpersonal (beyond the self)

Self-actualization, self-transcendence

There is a genetic basis for unlearned, species-typical behavior

Instinct and evolutionary theory

We prioritize survival-based needs and then social needs more than the needs for esteem and meaning

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Need to build and maintain relationships and to feel part of a group

Affiliation need

Feeling part of a group

Social identity

We strive to satisfy three needs: competence, autonomy, and relatedness

Self-determination theory

Self-determined behaviors tend to be ________ motivated, done because they are inherently meaningful or satisfying

Intrinsically

To gain acceptance, we generally _____ to group standards, we monitor our behavior to make a good impression

Conform

Social exclusion to punish, and control, social behavior (examples include exile, solitary confinement)

Ostracism

Sharing ourselves (joys, worries, and weaknesses) with others

Self-disclosure

Desire for significant accomplishment, for mastery of skills or ideas, for control, and for attaining a high standard

Achievement motivation

Passion and perseverance in pursuit of long-term goals

Grit

_______ psychologists seek ways to engage and motivate ordinary people doing ordinary jobs

Industrial/organization

Form of sugar the circulates in the blood and provides the major sources of energy for body tissues

Glucose

Regulated by hypothalamus via the pituitary gland, influences feelings of hunger and satiety

Hormones

Hormones that increase appetite

Ghrelin, orexin

Hormones that decrease appetite

Leptin, PYY

situations that influence eating

Social situations, serving size, stimulating suggestions, nudging nutrition

Defined as a BMI or 30 or higher

Obesity

Response of the whole organism involving physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience resulting from one’s interpretations

Emotion

Emotions are a mix of ____, ____, and ____

Bodily arousal, expressive behaviors, conscious experience

Feeling/emotions follow body responses

James-Lange theory

Feelings/emotions happen at the same time as body responses

Cannon-bard theory

When arousal from one event carries into another events (ex. Went for a run and return to open college acceptance letter and feeling more emotional than if you had stayed up late to study)

Spillover effect

Complex emotions are analyzed and processed before going to the amygdala

Thinking high road

“Simple” emotions take a neural shortcut that bypasses the cortex, fear provoking stimulus from ears.eyes go directly to the amygdala

Direct low road

Experience of emotion depends on a general arousal and a conscious cognitive label

Two-factor theory of emotion

Tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as dear, anger, or happiness

Facial feedback effect

tendency of behavior to influence our own and others’ thoughts, feelings, and actions

Behavior feedback effect