CH 14 FILL IN THE BLANK

A set of fill-in-the-blank flashcards based on the lecture notes on metabolic diversity among microorganisms.

All microbes follow the same metabolic principles: Energy is __, reducing power is obtained during __, growth couples energy to __.

conserved; catabolism; anabolism/biosynthesis

Energy must be conserved by converting or energy into ATP.

chemical; light

The __ of metabolic reactions allows the formation of new pathways from horizontal transfer and modification of enzymes and pathways.

modularity

Must achieve __ balance by regenerating oxidized electron carriers with an external electron acceptor.

redox

Electron flow consists of __ reactions where electrons are transferred/donated from one substance to another.

redox

The tendency of donating or accepting electrons is defined by __ potential (E0′).

reduction

Aerobic organisms always conserve more __ compared to anaerobic organisms.

energy

Chemotrophic metabolism includes both and .

fermentation; respiration

__ does not require an external electron acceptor and generates ATP primarily by substrate-level phosphorylation.

Fermentation

ATP is generated by oxidative phosphorylation from electron transport during __.

respiration

Chemolithotrophs use __ electron donors for respiration.

inorganic

In anaerobic respirations, other than O2, the electron acceptors might include __, __, and others.

NO3-; CO2

Cells need __ power for biosynthesis and need to balance electron flow to achieve redox balance.

reducing

Reducing power typically comes from __ carriers such as NAD(P)H and reduced ferredoxin.

low potential electron

Redox balance can be achieved by donating electrons to external electron acceptors during or metabolic intermediates during .

respiration; fermentation

Three methods of energy coupling include coupling direct to ATP __, reverse electron transportation, or __.

hydrolysis; electron bifurcation

Electron bifurcation allows cells to make highly __ intermediates to drive endergonic reactions.

electronegative

Most important assimilative process is __ fixation.

CO2

Nitrification uses two sets of reactions: oxidation of to and oxidation of to .

ammonia; nitrite; nitrite; nitrate

Bioenergetics of ammonia and nitrite oxidation involves the establishment of __ for ATP synthesis.

proton motive force

Anammox is anaerobic oxidation of __ performed by obligate anaerobic bacteria.

ammonia

The anammoxosome is a unit membrane-enclosed structure that protects the cell from toxic __.

intermediates

The major organism performing methanogenesis is called __, which is strictly anaerobic.

methanogens

For methanogenesis, __ is the major electron donor, although other substrates like acetate and formate can be used.

H2

Propionigenium modestum ferments succinate to and , generating __ across its membranes.

propionate; CO2; ion gradient

Syntrophy refers to cooperation between two different microbes to perform a reaction neither can do __.

alone

Syntrophic reactions are generally associated with __ fermentations.

secondary

Interspecies electron transfer can be or .

direct; mediated

Aerobic hydrocarbon oxidation begins with the incorporation of __ into aliphatic compounds by oxygenases.

oxygen